Table 1.
Study sample characteristics by fatty kidney status.* Continuous variables presented as mean ± standard deviation and dichotomous variables presented as N(%), unless otherwise specified.
| Variable | Fatty kidney* (n=879) | No fatty kidney (n=2044) | Age-and sex-adjusted p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61 ± 13 | 51 ± 12 | <0.0001 |
| % Women | 42.7 (375) | 54.6 (1117) | <0.0001 |
| Renal sinus fat (cm2)† | 0.97 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.18 (0.06, 0.33) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.3 ± 5.7 | 26.6 ± 4.8 | <0.0001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (cm3) | 2557 ± 1040 | 1456 ± 842 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106 ± 14 | 94 ± 14 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52 ± 15 | 57 ± 18 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)† | 117 (82, 165) | 91 (66, 134) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 129 ± 17 | 120 ± 15 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75 ± 11 | 75 ± 9 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 57.8 (508) | 26.6 (543) | <0.0001 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication (%) | 46.2 (406) | 18.6 (381) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 14.6 (128) | 4.2 (86) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking status (%) | 10.5 (92) | 12.6 (257) | 0.17 |
| High alcohol intake (%)‡ | 9.2 (123) | 11.2 (228) | 0.003 |
| Physical activity index | 36 ± 7 | 37 ± 7 | 0.002 |
| eGFRcrea (mL/min/1.73m2) | 84.9 ± 19.8 | 90.9 ± 17.8 | 0.40 |
| CKDcrea (%) | 9.2 (81) | 2.8 (57) | 0.04 |
| eGFRcys (mL/min/1.73m2)§ | 81 ± 17 | 89 ± 16 | 0.0005 |
| CKDcys (%)§ | 9.1 (53) | 2.8 (18) | 0.0005 |
| Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/g)† | 5.4 (3.1, 11.1) | 4.5 (2.8, 8.8) | 0.005 |
| Microalbumuria (%) | 13.4 (118) | 6.0 (123) | 0.01 |
Note: All participants in the study sample are Caucasian.
Abbreviations: CKDcrea=chronic kidney disease, defined as eGFRcrea<60 mL/min/1.73m2; CKDcys=chronic kidney disease, defined as eGFRcys<60 mL/min/1.73m2; eGFRcrea=estimated glomerular filtration rate using the modified MDRD study equation; eGFRcys=estimated glomerular filtration rate using the cystatin-C only CKD-EPI equation; HDL=high density lipoprotein
Sex-specific cut points for fatty kidney: ≥ 0.71 cm2 in men; ≥ 0.445 cm2 in women.
Presented as median (25th, 75th percentiles)
>7 drinks/week in women, >14 drinks/week in men
Cystatin C levels collected during the Offspring 7th examination cycle (n=1210; fatty kidney: n=561; no fatty kidney: n=649)