NUP98-HOXA10hd induces the in vitro expansion of fetal HSCs. (A) For bulk cultures, hatched bars indicate the number of total nucleated cells (TNCs) at the beginning (day 0) and at the end (day 10) of culture, after NUP98-HOXA10hd infection and in vitro expansion. Value shown for day 10 is the mean ± SD of results from 2 experiments. Filled bars indicate the HSC content in culture on day 0 and day 10, estimated based on HSC frequency calculated by limiting dilution CRU assay. Values shown are the means ± SEM of results from 2 experiments. For clonal cultures, hatched bars indicate the number of TNCs, after NUP98-HOXA10hd infection and in vitro expansion in 14-day culture, for 5 fetal liver (FL) HSC clones tested. Filled bars indicate the number of HSCs generated by day 14 in 5 clonally expanded cultures of NUP98-HOXA10hd–transduced cells, determined by limiting dilution CRU assay. Error bars represent ± 1 SE. The limiting dilution was not reached for clones 1 and 2 and clones 4 and 5 did not contain HSCs. (B) Schematic of the experimental design followed to investigate in vivo competition capacity of fetal liver and adult bm hematopoietic cells. (C) Proportion of peripheral blood leukocyte contribution by fresh adult and fresh fetal (dark and light gray bar on the left) or day 10 NUP98-HOXA10hd–transduced and expanded adult and fresh fetal (dark and light gray bar on the right) HSCs transplanted (16 weeks earlier) to irradiated mice in competition. Values shown are the means ± SD of results from 8 transplanted recipients that received cells from both sources.