Table 2.
Component percentages of primary nanoemulsion-unloaded and 0.05% extract-loaded formulations
| Formulation code | PKOEs (%) | Surfactant (%) | AP (%) | CA (%) | GMS (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13.9P12 | 13.5 | 27.0 | 59.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 13.9F12U | 12.0 | 27.0 | 59.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
| 13.9P36 | 16.0 | 28.0 | 56.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 13.9F36U | 14.0 | 28.0 | 56.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Note: The number 13.9 represents the surfactants Tween® 80/Span® 80 wt/wt (9/1) which is equivalent to hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 13.9.
Abbreviations: P, primary nanoemulsion; F, formulation; U, Phyllanthus urinaria; AP, aqueous phase; GMS, glyceryl monostearate; CA, cetyl alcohol; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters.