Table 1.

A tabulated summary of aptamer-based fluorescent biosensors.

Target	Labeling method	Mode	Detection limit	Biological sample?	Ref.
Adenosine	Covalent	Signal-on	µM	30% serum	[52]
		Signal-off	nM	No	[72]
	Label-free	Signal-on	µM	No	[7]
			µM	No	[75]
			µM	No	[76]
			µM	No	[86]
ATP	Covalent	Signal-on	µM	No	[51]
			mM	No	[59]
			µM	No	[62]
	Label-free	Signal-on	nM	No	[74]
			nM	No	[82]
		Signal-off	nM	Cells, serum	[95]
			µM	No	[96]
ADP	Covalent	Signal-on	µM	No	[51]
	Label-free	Signal-on	µM	No	[91]
AMP	Covalent	Signal-on	mM	Urine, serum	[61]
Tyrosinamid	Covalent	Signal-on	mM	Urine, serum	[61]
L-argininamide	Label-free	Signal-on	µM	No	[85]
Thrombin	Covalent	Signal-on	pM	Serum	[55]
			pM	Cell extract, plasma	[50]
			nM	No	[66]
	Label-free	Signal-on	nM	No	[83]
		Signal-off	nM	No	[100]
Theophylline	Label-free	Signal-on	µM	Cell lysate	[78]
OTA	Covalent	Signal-on	nM	1% Red wine	[56]
		Signal-off	nM	Red wine	[16]
	Label-free	Signal-off	nM	No	[99]
Cocaine	Covalent	Signal-on	µM	Urine	[60]
		Signal-off	µM	Serum	[69]
	Label-free	Signal-on	nM	No	[79]
			nM	No	[12]
			µM	No	[84]
		Signal-off	nM	No	[95]
			µM	No	[84]
PDGF	Covalent	Signal-on	fM	No	[63]
	Label-free	Signal-on	pM	No	[73]
Pb2+	Covalent	Signal-off	pM	Soil, pond water	[70]
Hg2+	Covalent	Signal-off	nM	Soil, pond water	[70]
	Label-free	Signal-on	nM	No	[75]
		Signal-off	nM	No	[97]
K+	Label-free	Signal-off	nM	Urine	[93]
Hemin	Label-free	Signal-off	nM	No	[92]