Table 3.
Results from bivariate non-random and random effects multivariate logistic regression models for risk factors of specific intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in western Tajikistan, early 2009
| Explanatory variable | Giardia intestinalis | Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar | Hymenolepis nana | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate modela | Multivariate modelb | Bivariate modela | Multivariate modelb | Bivariate modela | Multivariate modelb | |||||||||||||
| OR | (95% CI) | P-valuec | OR | 95% CI | P-valuec | OR | (95% CI) | P-valuec | OR | 95% CI | P-valuec | OR | 95% CI | P-valuec | OR | 95% CI | P-valuec | |
| Demography | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 0.97 | (0.68, 1.40) | 0.889 | 0.91 | (0.64, 1.33) | 0.652 | 1.27 | (0.87, 1.86) | 0.211 | |||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 7-8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
| 9 | 0.74 | (0.46, 1.18) | 0.73 | (0.45, 1.17) | 0.91 | (0.56, 1.49) | ||||||||||||
| 10-11 | 0.79 | (0.48, 1.30) | 0.440 | 0.80 | (0.48, 1.34) | 0.421 | 0.80 | (0.47, 1.36) | 0.695 | |||||||||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bottom 40% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| Middle 40% | 1.00 | (0.66, 1.51) | 0.82 | (0.55, 1.24) | 0.58 | (0.38, 0.90) | 0.69 | (0.42, 1.12) | ||||||||||
| Top 20% | 1.22 | (0.75, 1.99) | 0.680 | 0.55 | (0.32, 0.93) | 0.075 | 0.88 | (0.53, 1.46) | 0.046 | 1.06 | (0.60, 1.87) | 0.223 | ||||||
| Weekly meat consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| < 1 times per week | 0.61 | (0.40, 0.94) | 0.022 | 0.70 | (0.45, 1.09) | 0.112 | ||||||||||||
| 3-4 times per week | 0.66 | (0.39, 1.12) | 0.112 | 0.76 | (0.43, 1.35) | 0.125 | ||||||||||||
| ≥5 times per week | 0.57 | (0.29, 1.12) | 0.084 | |||||||||||||||
| Livestock | ||||||||||||||||||
| No livestock | 0.60 | (0.30, 1.19) | 0.130 | 0.51 | (0.24, 1.11) | 0.072 | 0.51 | (0.24, 1.06) | 0.056 | |||||||||
| Bullock | 1.60 | (0.91, 2.83) | 0.110 | 1.63 | (0.87, 3.07) | 0.131 | 0.64 | (0.32, 1.26) | 0.178 | 0.58 | (0.27, 1.24) | 0.143 | 0.58 | (0.28, 1.19) | 0.121 | 0.76 | (0.35, 1.64) | 0.169 |
| Horse/donkey | 1.48 | (0.99, 2.22) | 0.056 | |||||||||||||||
| Goat | 1.34 | (0.89, 2.01) | 0.170 | |||||||||||||||
| Sheep | 0.71 | (0.45, 1.14) | 0.146 | 1.61 | (1.05, 2.48) | 0.030 | 0.73 | (0.46, 1.17) | 0.180 | 0.71 | (0.43, 1.18) | 0.089 | ||||||
| Poultry | 1.54 | (1.05, 2.25) | 0.027 | 1.43 | (0.95, 2.14) | 0.089 | 1.95 | (1.31, 2.90) | < 0.001 | 2.04 | (1.34, 3.12) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Hygiene behaviour | ||||||||||||||||||
| Washing hands after defecation with soap |
||||||||||||||||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
| Often/always | 1.14 | (0.95, 1.37) | 0.160 | 1.15 | (0.96, 1.39) | 0.134 | 1.14 | (0.94, 1.39) | 0.182 | |||||||||
| Eating unpeeled fruits | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
| Often/always | 0.83 | (0.68, 1.02) | 0.073 | 0.86 | (0.69, 1.07) | 0.177 | ||||||||||||
| Eating raw vegetables | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| Often/always | 1.43 | (0.97, 2.12) | 0.076 | |||||||||||||||
| Wearing sandals outside in summer | 0.30 | (0.11, 0.84) | 0.024 | |||||||||||||||
| Wearing closed shoes outside in summer |
3.39 | (1.12, 10.25) | 0.033 | 3.26 | (1.01, 10.43) | 0.047 | ||||||||||||
| Sanitation | ||||||||||||||||||
| Toilet in household | 0.70 | (0.47, 1.03) | 0.077 | 0.76 | (0.51, 1.14) | 0.192 | ||||||||||||
| Toilet in yard | 1.47 | (0.99, 2.19) | 0.060 | 1.37 | (0.88, 2.13) | 0.163 | 1.33 | (0.89, 1.98) | 0.173 | 1.39 | (0.89, 2.18) | 0.149 | ||||||
| Source of drinking water | ||||||||||||||||||
| Water tap in yard (shared with neighbours) | 1.90 | (0.95, 3.81) | 0.079 | |||||||||||||||
| Public tap/standpipe | 0.35 | (0.12, 1.00) | 0.027 | 0.27 | (0.05, 1.39) | 0.094 | 0.42 | (0.16, 1.11) | 0.056 | 0.37 | (0.12, 1.13) | 0.057 | ||||||
| Protected spring | 0.52 | (0.31, 0.88) | 0.010 | 0.41 | (0.23, 0.74) | 0.002 | 0.42 | (0.20, 0.88) | 0.013 | 0.44 | (0.20, 0.97) | 0.020 | ||||||
| Surface water: river | 1.57 | (0.97, 2.52) | 0.071 | |||||||||||||||
| Surface water: stream | 0.35 | (0.08, 1.53) | 0.113 | 0.27 | (0.06, 1.24) | 0.054 | ||||||||||||
| Surface water: river/stream | 1.36 | (0.86, 2.14) | 0.195 | |||||||||||||||
a Crude odds ratio
b School-level random effect included
c P-value based on likelihood ratio test (LRT
* Outcome: G. intestinalis, E. histolytica/E. dispar and H. nana. Explanatory variables: demographic, socioeconomic, hygiene behaviour and sources of drinking water.