Dependence of observed enthalpy (ΔHobs) as a function of ionization enthalpy (ΔHion) of various buffers upon the binding of ERE duplex to the DB domain of ERα reconstituted with divalent ions of zinc (DB[Zn]), cadmium (DB[Cd]), mercury (DB[Hg]) and cobalt (DB[Co]). The ΔHion of various buffers used were +1.22 kcal/mol (Phosphate), +5.02 kcal/mol (Hepes), +7.64 kcal/mol (Ticine) and +11.35 kcal/mol (Tris) (Fukada and Takahashi, 1998; Kozlov and Lohman, 2000; Ortiz-Salmeron et al., 2001). The solid lines within each panel represent linear fits to data points and the net change in the number of protons (Δm) uptaken per DB monomer upon binding to DNA was calculated from the corresponding slopes as described earlier (Deegan et al., 2010). Error bars were calculated from at least three independent measurements. All errors are given to one standard deviation.