Table 2.
Crude prevalence ratios of demographics, agricultural activities, and crops produced with reported history of malaria among women working in small-scale agricultural on the Makhatini Flats, South Africa, by location (n = 644)*
| Characteristic | Location | |
|---|---|---|
| Irrigation scheme (n = 274), PR (95% CI)† | Drylands (n = 370), PR (95% CI)‡ | |
| Demographics | ||
| Age > 40 years | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
| Educational level > 4 years | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
| Duration of residence > 10 years | 2.5 (0.9–6.8) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) |
| Distance residing from farm > 10 km | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| Length of employment in agriculture > 10 years | 2.1 (1.1–4.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
| Farm ownership | 2.4 (1.0–5.8) | 2.6 (0.7–10.0) |
| Agricultural activities (ever involved: yes) | ||
| Plowing | 3.2 (1.1–10.3) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) |
| Planting | 2.4 (0.8–7.7) | 3.8 (0.6–26.2) |
| Manual irrigation | 2.1 (1.0–4.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
| Spraying pesticides | 3.7 (1.5–8.7) | 2.5 (1.4–4.6) |
| Weeding | 2.4 (0.3–16.8) | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) |
| Harvesting | 1.8 (0.7–5.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) |
| Frequency of spraying pesticides (high) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
| Crop production (ever cultivated: yes) | ||
| Maize | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
| Cotton and mangoes | 2.2 (1.1–4.3) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) |
| Sugar cane | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 2.2 (1.4–3.6) |
| Mixed vegetables | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) |
*
PR = prevalence ratio; CI = confidence interval.
†
Malaria cases (n = 30).
‡
Malaria cases (n = 68)