Table 1.

Summary of generation and characterization of erythroid cells from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Authora	Stem cell lines	Method	Stromal cellsb	Major globin chains	Hb	Enu (%)	Yieldc	Culture length (days)d	Note	Ref.
Dias J.	H1, hiPSCs	coculture	OP9 → MS5	ε, γ	N/M	2–10	200,000	75		[8]
Kaufman DS.	H1	coculture	S17, C166, MEF	α, β, δ	N/M	N/M	N/M	42		[9]
Klimchenko O.	H1, H9	coculture	OP9 → MS5	ζ, ε	N/M	no	N/M	38		[10]
Lee KY.	H1, H9, H14	coculture	AGM, FL, FBM	α, γ, δ	N/M	no	N/M	32		[11]
Ledran MH.	H1, H9, hES-NCL1	coculture	AGM, FL	α, ε, γ	N/M	N/M	N/M	39		[12]
Ma F.	H1	Coculture	mFLSC	ε, γ, β	N/M	6.2	1,200	34	Time-dependent β globin increase at clonal level. Oxygen dissociation curve and G6PD activities are more similar to CB than to adult PB	[13]
Qiu C., Olivier EN.	H1	Coculture	FH-B-hTERT, S17	ζ, α, ε, γ	N/Me	1.5–16	80	59	Maturation switch and lineage switch noted. Minor increase in β globin expression	[1, 14, 15]
Cerdan C.	H1, H9	EB	N/A	ε, β	HbA > HbF	N/M	N/M	29		[16]
Chang KH.	H1, BG02, hiPSCs	EB	N/A	α, ε, γ	N/M	N/M	N/M	21		[17–19]
Lapillonne H.	H1, hiPSCs	EB	N/A	α, γ	HbF	4–66	200–3,500	46	CO rebinding kinetics similar to CB	[20]
Zambidis ET.	H1	EB	N/A	ζ, α, ε, γf	HbF > HbA	N/M	N/M	36	Time-dependent increase in β globin expression observed. Primitive to definitive switch noted	[21]
Lu SJ.	H1, MA01, MA99, HuES-3	EB → BL	MSC, OP9g	ζ, α, ε, γ	N/M	10–30; 30–65h	800–8,000	25	Oxygen dissociation curve slightly displaced to left of normal RBCs. Decreased response to 2,3-DPG depletion as compared to adult RBCs. Comparable Bohr effect at physiologic pH	[22]
Honig GR.	H1, H7, MA01	EB → BL	N/A		Hb Gower I > Hb Barts	N/M	N/M	25	Low (α+ζ)/(γ+ε) synthesis ratio	[23]
Liu YX.	H1	EB → coculture	hFLSC	ζ, α, ε,γf	N/M	N/M	N/M	29	β globin expression increases with culture time. Oxygen dissociation curve slightly displaced to left of normal RBCs	[24]

^aPublications by the same laboratory are grouped together. ^bArrow indicates sequential exposure to different stromal cells. ^cNumber of erythroid cells generated per hESCs or hiPSCs. ^dCulture time is approximate as it is often variable even within one particular study. Culture length is for generating hemoglobinized erythroblasts and may not include time required for enucleation. ^eThe authors speculated the hemoglobin tetramer species based on globin chain results. ^fThe major globin chains expressed cannot be determined based on the method employed. ^gFor enucleation purpose only. ^hHigher enucleation efficiency is associated with stromal coculture. Hb: hemoglobin tetramer; N/M: not mentioned; Enu: enucleation; N/A: not applicable; CB: cord blood; PB: peripheral blood; BL: hemangioblasts; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells.