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Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways involved in PPARα- and PPARγ-mediated protection against HIV-1-induced MMP-9 overexpression. PPAR overexpression in hCMECs protected against HIV-1-induced MMP activity via caveolae-associated ERK and Akt signaling. Among activated transcription factors, SP-1 appears to be the critical factor involved in HIV-1-induced MMP-9 expression.
