Table I. Clinicopathogical characteristics of BC patients and healthy controls.
| Characteristics | BC patients | Healthy controls |
|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 27 | 32 |
| Age (mean, range) | 56, 42–71 | 53, 46–67 |
| Male | 19 (70.4%) | 18 (56.2%) |
| Female | 8 (29.6%) | 14 (43.8%) |
| Cancer grade | ||
| Low grade (LG) | 21 (77.8%) | \ |
| High grade (HG) | 6 (22.2%) | \ |
| BMI (median, range) | 23.3, 16.4–26.8 | 24.4, 18.1–27.4 |
| Hematuria | 3 (11.1%) | 0 |
| Medications | 0 | 0 |
| Smoking habit | ||
| Nonsmokers | 13 (48.1%) | 18 (56.3%) |
| Ex-smokers | 3 (11.1%) | 0 |
| smokers | 10 (37.0%) | 12 (37.5%) |
| information not available | 1 (3.7%) | 2 (6.2%) |
| Race | Chinese | Chinese |