Table 1.

Mean plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and β-endorphin concentrations on d 2 in the N−, N+, and control studies at 90 and 60 mg/dl plasma glucose steps of the hypoglycemic clamp

	N−		N+		Control
Plasma glucose step (mg/dl)§	90	60	90	60	90	60
Epinephrine (pg/ml) §	38 ± 12	75 ± 17	36 ± 14	164 ± 18*,#	42 ± 18	187 ± 21*,#
Norepinephrine (pg/ml) §	198 ± 46	313 ± 50	214 ± 40	330 ± 63	205 ± 53	327 ± 60
Glucagon (pg/ml) §	45 ± 4	38 ± 4	38 ± 5	38 ± 6	34 ± 5	35 ± 6
Cortisol (μg/dl) §	9.1 ± 2.0	14.8 ± 2.4	9.1 ± 2.1	15.0 ± 2.1	10.0 ± 2.1	15.1 ± 2.1
β-Endorphin (ng/ml)	4.8 ± 1.2	15.4 ± 2.7*	2.0 ± 0.9	13.2 ± 2.1*	2.9 ± 1.3	17.6 ± 3.4*

^§To convert glucose from milligrams per deciliter to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.05; to convert epinephrine from picograms per milliliter to picomoles per liter, multiply by 5.45; to convert norepinephrine from picograms per milliliter to picomoles per liter, multiply by 5.91; to convert glucagon from picograms per milliliter to nanograms per liter, multiply by 1; to convert cortisol from micrograms per deciliter to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.58.

^*P < 0.01 vs. the 90-mg/dl glucose step.

^#P < 0.01 vs. N−.