Table 1.

	Expression	Signalling	Ligand	Innate immunity	Adaptive immunity	Role in disease states
TIM-1	Activated CD4+ T cells3,5	Phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine domain12,13.	Proposed ligands include: TIM-45,9 TIM-1 homodimerisation1 TIM-31 Oxidised low density lipoprotein1 Immmunoglobulin A heavy chain1 LMIR1	Phosphotidylserine receptor16 Mediates clearance of apoptotic bodies and maintenance of peripheral tolerance.	Increased Th2 differentiation	Polymorphisms linked to increased risk of asthma4 and atopy1
	B cells7	Activation of Akt and ERK/MAPK12,13.			Effects appear to vary with binding ligand and affinity	Increased expression in: Multiple sclerosis1,9 Sarcoidosis 1 Rheumatoid arthritis1
	Mast cells6	Increased transcription of IL-4 promoter12.				Upregulated on renal tubular epithelial cells in acute kidney injury and renal cell carcinoma2 (KIM-1)
	NK cells8	?TIM-1 ligation alone sufficient to induce T cell activation14,15
TIM-4	Dendritic cells9	Lacks intracellular tyrosine domain – Not known to mediate signalling	Proposed ligands include: TIM-15 Unknown CD4+ T cell ligand	Phosphotidylserine receptor16	Upregulation of Th2 responses18,19	Upregulated in food allergy18,19
	Macrophages9				Proliferation of activated T cells9,12	Polymorphisms linked to asthma and atopy
TIM-3	Th1 cells1	Phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine domain by interleukin inducible T cell kinase22	Galectin-921	Limits macrophage expansion29.	Binding to Gal-9 leads to apoptosis of Th1 cells24.	Increased expression on exhausted T cells in chronic infection/malignancy16
	Th17 cells1		? Other unknown	Modulates CD80 and CTLA-4 expression on APCs28	Blockade abrogates peripheral tolerance	Appears to be downregulated in multiple sclerosis16
	CD8+ T cells1			Phosphotidylserine receptor16,32		Asthma9
	APCs1