TIM-1 |
Activated CD4+ T cells3,5
|
Phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine domain12,13. |
Proposed ligands include:
|
Phosphotidylserine receptor16
|
Increased Th2 differentiation |
Polymorphisms linked to increased risk of asthma4 and atopy1
|
B cells7
|
Activation of Akt and ERK/MAPK12,13. |
Effects appear to vary with binding ligand and affinity |
Increased expression in:
Multiple sclerosis1,9
Sarcoidosis 1
Rheumatoid arthritis1
|
Mast cells6
|
Increased transcription of IL-4 promoter12. |
Upregulated on renal tubular epithelial cells in acute kidney injury and renal cell carcinoma2 (KIM-1) |
NK cells8
|
?TIM-1 ligation alone sufficient to induce T cell activation14,15
|
|
TIM-4 |
Dendritic cells9
|
Lacks intracellular tyrosine domain – Not known to mediate signalling |
Proposed ligands include:
|
Phosphotidylserine receptor16
|
Upregulation of Th2 responses18,19
|
Upregulated in food allergy18,19
|
Macrophages9
|
Proliferation of activated T cells9,12
|
Polymorphisms linked to asthma and atopy |
|
TIM-3 |
Th1 cells1
|
Phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine domain by interleukin inducible T cell kinase22
|
Galectin-921
|
Limits macrophage expansion29. |
Binding to Gal-9 leads to apoptosis of Th1 cells24. |
Increased expression on exhausted T cells in chronic infection/malignancy16
|
Th17 cells1
|
? Other unknown |
Modulates CD80 and CTLA-4 expression on APCs28
|
Blockade abrogates peripheral tolerance |
Appears to be downregulated in multiple sclerosis16
|
CD8+ T cells1
|
Phosphotidylserine receptor16,32
|
Asthma9
|
APCs1
|