TABLE 1.
Quantitative studies Included in analyses
| First author (reference) | Year | Between/crossover | Age | Sample size | Intervention | Reactivity findings | Regulation findings | Risk of bias score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| de Sousa (28) | 2008 | Between-groups trial | Preterm | 64 | Kangaroo care | Supports efficacy | – | 19 |
| Akcan (29) | 2009 | Between-groups trial | Preterm | 50 | Kangaroo care | – | Supports efficacy | 19 |
| Castral (30) | 2008 | Between-groups trial | Preterm | 59 | Kangaroo care | Supports efficacy | Does not support efficacy | 15 |
| Ferber (31) | 2008 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 29 | Kangaroo care | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 19 |
| Johnston (32) | 2003 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 74 | Kangaroo care | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 19 |
| Kostandy (33) | 2008 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 10 | Kangaroo care | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 16 |
| Kashaninia (34) | 2008 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 100 | Kangaroo care | Supports efficacy | – | 16 |
| Gray (35) | 2000 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 23 | Kangaroo care | – | Supports efficacy | 18 |
| Chermont (36) | 2009 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 320 | Kangaroo care | Does not support efficacy | Does not support efficacy | 20 |
| Bellieni (37) | 2001 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 17 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Supports efficacy | – | 15 |
| Liaw (38) | 2010 | Between-groups trial | Preterm | 104 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Does not support efficacy | Supports efficacy | 22 |
| Corbo (39) | 2000 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 26 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 15 |
| Bo (40) | 2000 | Crossover trial | Neonate | 27 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | – | Supports efficacy | 17 |
| Blass (41) | 1999 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 20 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | – | Supports efficacy | 14 |
| Greenberg (20) | 2002 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 42 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | – | Does not support efficacy | 11 |
| Yilmaz (42) | 2010 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 60 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Does not support efficacy | Supports efficacy | 17 |
| Liu (43) | 2010 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 70 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 18 |
| Curtis (44) | 2007 | Between-groups trial | Older infant | 41 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | – | Supports efficacy | 21 |
| Axelin (45) | 2009 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 20 | Swaddling or tucking | Supports efficacy | – | 21 |
| Comaru (46) | 2009 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 47 | Swaddling or tucking | Supports efficacy | – | 21 |
| Hill (47) | 2005 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 12 | Swaddling or tucking | Supports efficacy | – | 21 |
| Ward-Larson (48) | 2004 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 40 | Swaddling or tucking | Supports efficacy | – | 17 |
| Corff (26) | 1995 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 30 | Swaddling or tucking | – | Supports efficacy | 14 |
| Fearon (49) | 1997 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 15 | Swaddling or tucking | – | Supports efficacy | 20 |
| Axelin (50) | 2006 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 20 | Swaddling or tucking | Supports efficacy | Does not support efficacy | 16 |
| Morrow (51) | 2010 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 42 | Swaddling or tucking | Supports efficacy | – | 18 |
| Herrington (52) | 2007 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 11 | Touch or massage | – | Does not support efficacy (touch) | 20 |
| Jain (53) | 2006 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 23 | Touch or massage | – | Supports efficacy (massage) | 19 |
| Kozub (54) | 2001 | Crossover trial | Older Infant | 20 | Touch or massage | Does not support efficacy | – | 22 |
| Sizun (55) | 2002 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 19 | Environmental modification | Supports efficacy | – | 14 |
| Catelin (56) | 2005 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 45 | Environmental modification | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 16 |
| Johnston (57) | 1997 | Between-groups trial | Preterm | 44 | Simulated rocking | Does not support efficacy | – | 16 |
| Johnston (58) | 2007 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 19 | Maternal voice | Does not support efficacy | – | 17 |
| Carbajal (59) | 2003 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 90 | Rocking and/or holding | Does not support efficacy | – | 20 |
| Gormally (60) | 2001 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 41 | Rocking and/or holding | Supports efficacy | Supports efficacy | 14 |
| Ipp (61) | 2004 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 106 | Rocking and/or holding | Does not support efficacy | – | 19 |
| Cohen (21) | 2002 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 90 | Video distraction | Supports efficacy | – | 10 |
| Cohen (62) | 2006 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 126 | Video distraction | - | Supports efficacy | 17 |
| Bustos (63) | 2008 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 50 | Structured parent involvement | Does not support efficacy | – | 18 |
| Stevens (64) | 1999 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 122 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Supports efficacy | – | 17 |
| Swaddling or tucking | Does not support efficacy | |||||||
| Whipple (22) | 2004 | Between-groups trial | Preterm | 60 | Non-nutritive sucking-related (pacifier & lullaby) | – | Supports efficacy | 8 |
| Non-nutritive sucking-related (pacifier only) | – | Supports efficacy | ||||||
| Elserafy (65) | 2009 | Crossover trial | Preterm | 36 | Non-nutritive sucking-related-pacifier | Does not support efficacy | Does not support efficacy | 18 |
| Does not support efficacy | Does not support efficacy | |||||||
| Swallowing water | Does not support efficacy | Does not support efficacy | ||||||
| Non-nutritive sucking-related-pacifier with water | ||||||||
| Carbajal (66) | 1999 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 75 | Swallowing water | Does not support efficacy | – | 22 |
| Non-nutritive sucking-related | Supports efficacy | – | ||||||
| Bellieni (67) | 2002 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 60 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | Supports efficacy | – | 20 |
| Touch or massage | Does not support efficacy | – | ||||||
| Campos (23) | 1994 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 60 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | – | Supports efficacy | 13 |
| Rocking and/or holding | – | Supports efficacy | ||||||
| Im (68) | 2008 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 99 | Non-nutritive sucking-related | – | Does not support efficacy | 13 |
| Touch or massage | – | Does not support efficacy | ||||||
| Allen (24) | 1996 | Between-groups trial | Neonate | 34 | Swallowing water | – | Supports efficacy | 7 |
| Older Infant | 30 | – | Does not support efficacy | |||||
| Cramer-Berness (69) | 2005 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 123 | Toy distraction | Does not support efficacy | – | 18 |
| Structured parent involvement | Supports efficacy | – | ||||||
| Cramer-Berness (70) | 2005b | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 117 | Toy distraction | Does not support efficacy | – | 19 |
| Structured parent involvement | Does not support efficacy | – | ||||||
| Bauchner (71) | 1996 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 435 | Parent presence | – | Does not support efficacy | 17 |
| Structured parent involvement | – | Does not support efficacy | ||||||
| Hillgrove Stuart (72) | 2008 | Between-groups trial | Older Infant | 99 | Toy distraction - RA | Does not support efficacy | Does not support efficacy | 20 |
| Toy distraction - Parent | Does not support efficacy | Does not support efficacy |
*
Dash indicates no research performed for that treatment, age and pain response combination. RA Research assistant