TABLE 3.
Summary of meta-analyses
| Treatment | Age group | Pain type | Total, n | Effect size (95% CI) | Heterogeneity analysis (95% CI) | Risk of bias analysis (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kangaroo care | Preterm | Reactivity | 177 | −1.12 (−2.04 to −0.21) | −0.38 (−0.65 to −0.12) | – |
| I2 = 89% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Kangaroo care | Preterm | Immediate regulation | 163 | −0.77 (−1.50 to −0.03) | −0.45 (−0.69 to −0.20) | – |
| I2 = 82% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Kangaroo care | Neonate | Reactivity | 420 | −0.89 (−2.89 to 1.10) | − | – |
| I2 = 98% | ||||||
| Kangaroo care | Neonate | Immediate regulation | 343 | −0.66 (−1.73 to 0.42) | − | – |
| I2 = 82% | ||||||
| Swaddling/tucking | Preterm | Reactivity | 261 | −0.97 (−1.63 to −0.31) | −0.90 (−1.22 to −0.59) | – |
| I2 = 88% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Swaddling/tucking | Preterm | Immediate regulation | 65 | −0.75 (−1.14 to −0.36) | − | −0.61 (−1.12 to −0.11) |
| I2 = 0% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Swaddling/tucking | Neonate | Reactivity | 42 | −1.26 (−1.92 to −0.60) | − | – |
| Non nutritive sucking | Preterm | Reactivity | 305 | −0.42 (−0.68 to −0.15) | −0.32 (−0.05 to −0.15) | – |
| I2 = 48% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Non nutritive sucking | Preterm | Immediate regulation | 226 | −0.38 (−0.59 to −0.17) | − | −0.36 (−0.59 to −0.13) |
| I2 = 0% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Non nutritive sucking | Neonate | Reactivity | 220 | −1.45 (−2.34 to −0.57) | −1.88 (−2.25 to −1.50) | – |
| I2 = 88% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Non nutritive sucking | Neonate | Immediate regulation | 325 | −0.90 (−1.54 to −0.25) | − | −0.51 (−0.91 to −0.29) |
| I2 = 84% | I2 = 11% | |||||
| Non nutritive sucking | Older infants | Immediate regulation | 41 | −0.89 (−1.53 to −0.25) | − | – |
| Swallowing water | Preterm | Reactivity | 36 | −0.24 (−0.71 to 0.23) | − | – |
| Swallowing water | Preterm | Immediate regulation | 36 | −0.23 (−0.70 to 0.24) | − | – |
| Swallowing water | Neonate | Reactivity | 50 | 0.10 (−0.45 to 0.66) | − | – |
| Swallowing water | Neonate | Immediate regulation | 34 | −0.53 (−1.21 to 0.16) | − | – |
| Swallowing water | Older infants | Immediate regulation | 30 | 0.00 (−0.72 to 0.72) | − | – |
| Rocking/holding | Neonate | Reactivity | 131 | −0.33 (−1.05 to 0.39) | − | – |
| I2 = 73% | ||||||
| Rocking/holding | Neonate | Immediate regulation | 81 | −0.75 (−1.20 to −0.30) | − | – |
| I2 = 0% | ||||||
| Rocking/holding | Older infants | Reactivity | 106 | 0.23 (−0.15 to 0.62) | − | – |
| Simulated rocking + water | Preterm | Reactivity | 44 | 0.00 (−0.59 to 0.59) | − | – |
| Touch or massage | Preterm | Immediate regulation | 34 | −0.71 (−2.33 to 0.90) | − | – |
| I2 = 86% | ||||||
| Touch or massage | Neonate | Reactivity | 40 | −0.30 (−0.92 to 0.32) | − | – |
| Touch or massage | Neonate | Immediate regulation | 66 | −0.24 (−0.73 to 0.24) | − | – |
| Touch or massage | Older infants | Reactivity | 20 | −0.21 (−0.84 to 0.41) | − | – |
| Environment modification | Preterm | Reactivity | 64 | −6.44 (−17.13 to 4.26) | − | – |
| I2 = 97% | ||||||
| Environment modification | Preterm | Immediate regulation | 45 | −4.01 (−5.26 to −2.77) | − | – |
| Toy distraction | Older infants | Reactivity | 259 | −0.10 (−0.35 to 0.14) | − | – |
| I2 = 0% | ||||||
| Toy distraction | Older infants | Immediate regulation | 133 | −0.08 (−0.50 to 0.33) | − | – |
| I2 = 0% | ||||||
| Video distraction | Older infants | Reactivity | 90 | −0.70 (−1.13 to −0.27) | − | – |
| Video distraction | Older infants | Immediate regulation | 126 | −0.84 (−1.20 to −0.47) | − | – |
| Structured parent involvement | Older infants | Reactivity | 209 | −0.26 (−0.70 to 0.17) | −0.49 (−0.83 to −0.14) | – |
| I2 = 60% | I2 = 0% | |||||
| Structured parent involvement | Older infants | Immediate regulation | 288 | 0.02 (−0.21 to 0.25) | − | – |
| Mother’s voice | Preterm | Reactivity | 19 | −0.29 (−0.94 to 0.35) | − | – |
| Parent present | Older infants | Immediate regulation | 278 | 0.00 (−0.24 to 0.23) | − | – |
*
Dash indicates no research performed for that treatment, age and pain response combination