TABLE 4.
Summary conclusions
|
Preterm infants |
Neonates |
Older infants |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment arm | Reactivity | Immediate regulation | Reactivity | Immediate regulation | Reactivity | Immediate regulation |
| Kangaroo care | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | – | – |
| Non-nutritive sucking-related | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 |
| Swaddling/tucking-related | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – |
| Touch or massage-related | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | – |
| Environment modification | 3 | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| Simulated rocking and water | 3 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Simulated mother’s voice | 3 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Swallowing water | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | – | 3 |
| Rocking or holding | – | – | 3 | 1 | 3 | – |
| Toy distraction | – | – | – | – | 4 | 3 |
| Video distraction | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 |
| Parent present | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Structured parent involvement | – | – | – | – | 3 | 3 |
1
Sufficient evidence supports efficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (support of two or more trials);
2
Limited evidence suggests efficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (eg, support of one trial or heterogeneity among trials);
3
Limited evidence suggests inefficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (eg, support of one trial or heterogeneity among trials);
4
Sufficient evidence supports inefficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (support of one or more trials). Dash indicates no research performed for that treatment, age and pain response combination