Skip to main content
. 2011 Sep-Oct;16(5):321–330. doi: 10.1155/2011/489286

TABLE 4.

Summary conclusions

Preterm infants
Neonates
Older infants
Treatment arm Reactivity Immediate regulation Reactivity Immediate regulation Reactivity Immediate regulation
Kangaroo care 1 1 3 3
Non-nutritive sucking-related 1 1 1 1 2
Swaddling/tucking-related 1 1 2
Touch or massage-related 3 3 3 3
Environment modification 3 2
Simulated rocking and water 3
Simulated mother’s voice 3
Swallowing water 3 3 3 3 3
Rocking or holding 3 1 3
Toy distraction 4 3
Video distraction 2 2
Parent present 3
Structured parent involvement 3 3
1

Sufficient evidence supports efficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (support of two or more trials);

2

Limited evidence suggests efficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (eg, support of one trial or heterogeneity among trials);

3

Limited evidence suggests inefficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (eg, support of one trial or heterogeneity among trials);

4

Sufficient evidence supports inefficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (support of one or more trials). Dash indicates no research performed for that treatment, age and pain response combination