TABLE 4.
Summary conclusions
Preterm infants |
Neonates |
Older infants |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment arm | Reactivity | Immediate regulation | Reactivity | Immediate regulation | Reactivity | Immediate regulation |
Kangaroo care | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | – | – |
Non-nutritive sucking-related | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 |
Swaddling/tucking-related | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – |
Touch or massage-related | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | – |
Environment modification | 3 | 2 | – | – | – | – |
Simulated rocking and water | 3 | – | – | – | – | – |
Simulated mother’s voice | 3 | – | – | – | – | – |
Swallowing water | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | – | 3 |
Rocking or holding | – | – | 3 | 1 | 3 | – |
Toy distraction | – | – | – | – | 4 | 3 |
Video distraction | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 |
Parent present | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
Structured parent involvement | – | – | – | – | 3 | 3 |
Sufficient evidence supports efficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (support of two or more trials);
Limited evidence suggests efficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (eg, support of one trial or heterogeneity among trials);
Limited evidence suggests inefficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (eg, support of one trial or heterogeneity among trials);
Sufficient evidence supports inefficacy for reducing pain-related behaviours (support of one or more trials). Dash indicates no research performed for that treatment, age and pain response combination