Table 2.

Genetic risk prediction studies in T2D

Study	No of polymorphisms	Clinical risk factors	AUC genetic	AUC clinical	AUC combined	Design	Age (mean, years)a	Sex (% men)a	BMI (mean, kg/m2)a
European
Balkau et al. [23]
Men	2	FPG, smoking status, WC, GGT	NA	0.85	0.85	Prospective cohort	50/47	100/100	27.5/25.1
Women	2	FPG, BMI, FH, TG	NA	0.92	0.91	Prospective cohort	52/47	0/0	29.2/23.7
Lyssenko et al. [24•, 25]	3	BMI, FPG	NA	0.68	0.68	Prospective cohort	45.1b	51/46	25.3b
Weedon et al. [26]	3	NA	0.58	NA	NA	Case–control	48.7/31.8	58/50	31.4/27.2
Vaxillaire et al. [27]	3	Age, sex, BMI	0.56	0.82	0.83	Prospective cohort	47.7b	50	24.3b
Cornelis et al. [28]	10	Age, sex, BMI, FH, smoking, alcohol intake, PA	NA	0.78	0.79	Nested case–control	49.0/48.1	43/38	27.7/24.4
Lyssenko et al. [29]
Malmo	11	Age, sex, BMI, FH, BP, TG, FPG	0.63	0.74	0.75	Prospective cohort	45.5	64.9	24.3
Botnia	11	Age, sex, BMI, FH, BP, TG, FPG, HDL, WC	0.68	0.79	0.80	Prospective cohort	44.9	45.5	25.6
Cauchi et al. [30]	15	Age, sex, BMI	NA	NA	0.86	Case–control	62.9/54.7	62/42	29.0/24.7
Lin et al. [31]	15	Age, sex, FH, PA, WHR, triacylglycerol/HDL ratio	0.59	0.86	0.87	Cross-sectional	60.7/52.8	67/46	30.4/25.5
Fontaine-Bisson et al. [32]	17	Age, sex	NA	NA	0.59	Cross-sectional	53.6/53.1	58.4/50.2	29.5/25.8
van Hoek et al. [33]	18	Age, sex, BMI	0.60	0.66	0.68	Prospective cohort	68.2/69.0	44/40	28.0/26.0
Lango et al. [34]	18	Age, sex, BMI	0.60	0.78	0.80	Case–control	55.7/NA	56/51	31.5/26.9
Meigs et al. [35]	18	Age, sex, BMI, FH, FPG, SBP, HDL, TG	0.58c	0.90	0.90	Prospective cohort	42.1	47	25.6
Sparso et al. [36]	19	Age, sex, BMI	0.60	0.92	0.93	Case–control	60/47	59.3/46.3	30.6/25.6
Wang et al. [37]
FINDRISC	19	Age, BMI, WC, PA, FH, diet, antihypertensive medication, previously known high glucose	0.55	0.73	0.73	Cross-sectional	45–74d	100/100	NA
FINDRISC+	19	FINDRISC, TG, HDL, adiponectin, ALT	0.55	0.77	0.77	Cross-sectional	45–74d	100/100	NA
Schulze et al. [38]	20	Age, WC, height, history of HT, PA, smoking, consumption of red meat, whole-grain bread, coffee and alcohol, glucose, HbA1c, TG, HDL, GGT, ALT, hs-CRP	NA	0.90	0.90	Prospective case-cohort	54.6/49.4	58.7/36.9	30.4/25.9
Talmud et al. [39•]
Cambridge score	20	Age, sex, BMI, drug treatment, FH, smoking status	0.55	0.72	0.73	Prospective cohort	51.0/49.0	72.9/72.8	27.5/24.7
Framing-ham offspring score	20	Age, sex, BMI, parental history of T2D, HDL, TG, FPG	0.55	0.78	0.78	Prospective cohort	51.0/49.0	72.9/72.8	27.5/24.7
de Miguel-Yanes et al. [40]	40	Age, sex, FH, BMI, FPG, SBP, HDL, TG	0.61c	0.90	0.91	Prospective cohort	46	47	26.0
Asian
Miyake et al. [41]	11	Age, sex, BMI	0.63	0.68	0.72	Case–control	61.3/67.5	58/46	23.6/23.3
Hu et al. [42]	11	Age, sex, BMI	0.62	0.61	0.67	Case–control	61.2/57.4	52/41	24.0/23.6

^aValues provided are for participants with and without T2D, respectively, when two values are reported and for the total population when one value is reported. For prospective cohort studies, descriptive data from baseline examinations are given. Values are means unless otherwise indicated

^bMedian

^cAdjusted for sex

^dRange

ALT alanine aminotransferase; AUC area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; FH family history of type 2 diabetes; FINDRISC finnish diabetes risk score; FPG fasting plasma glucose; GGT γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA _1c glycated hemoglobin; HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HT hypertension; NA not available; PA physical activity; SBP systolic blood pressure; TG triglycerides; T2D type 2 diabetes; WC waist circumference; WHR waist-hip ratio

(Adapted from Mihaescu et al. [43•])