Table 1.
Mean Values of Study Variables
| Variable (N = 17,438) | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Health outcome measures | ||
| Final HALex value | 0.610 | 0.313 |
| Survival (%) | 95.211 | 21.354 |
| Medical spending measures (U.S.$1,000s) | ||
| Total spending, all years | 27.092 | 37.927 |
| Total spending, year 3 | 10.387 | 18.469 |
| Medicare spending, all years | 16.203 | 28.294 |
| Medicare spending, year 3 | 6.324 | 14.506 |
| Prior health status | ||
| Self-reported general health status (reference = excellent) | ||
| Very good | 0.285 | 0.451 |
| Good | 0.302 | 0.459 |
| Fair | 0.159 | 0.366 |
| Poor | 0.056 | 0.230 |
| Any ADL | 0.276 | 0.447 |
| Any IADL | 0.339 | 0.473 |
| Change in HALex, baseline to year 1 | 0.007 | 0.221 |
| Change in HALex, year 1–year 2 | −0.012 | 0.217 |
| Conditions | ||
| Had hardening of the arteries at baseline | 0.097 | 0.296 |
| Developed hardening of the arteries, year 1 | 0.021 | 0.144 |
| Developed hardening of the arteries, year 2 | 0.021 | 0.144 |
| Had hypertension at baseline | 0.484 | 0.500 |
| Developed hypertension, year 1 | 0.045 | 0.207 |
| Developed hypertension, year 2 | 0.038 | 0.191 |
| Had heart attack at baseline | 0.122 | 0.328 |
| Developed heart attack, year 1 | 0.015 | 0.122 |
| Developed heart attack, year 2 | 0.015 | 0.122 |
| Had angina pectoris or other coronary heart disease at baseline | 0.115 | 0.319 |
| Developed angina or coronary heart disease, year 1 | 0.022 | 0.147 |
| Developed angina or coronary heart disease, year 2 | 0.020 | 0.141 |
| Had other heart conditions at baseline | 0.217 | 0.412 |
| Developed other heart condition, year 1 | 0.048 | 0.214 |
| Developed other heart condition, year 2 | 0.044 | 0.205 |
| Had stroke or brain hemorrhage at baseline | 0.082 | 0.274 |
| Developed stroke or brain hemorrhage, year 1 | 0.020 | 0.139 |
| Developed stroke or brain hemorrhage, year 2 | 0.034 | 0.182 |
| Had skin cancer at baseline | 0.157 | 0.364 |
| Developed skin cancer, year 1 | 0.026 | 0.160 |
| Developed skin cancer, year 2 | 0.032 | 0.176 |
| Had other cancer at baseline | 0.152 | 0.359 |
| Developed cancer, year 1 | 0.019 | 0.138 |
| Developed cancer, year 2 | 0.020 | 0.139 |
| Had diabetes at baseline | 0.133 | 0.339 |
| Developed diabetes, year 1 | 0.038 | 0.192 |
| Developed diabetes, year 2 | 0.067 | 0.249 |
| Additional health variables | ||
| Proxy respondent | 0.057 | 0.231 |
| Current smoker | 0.138 | 0.345 |
| Former smoker | 0.418 | 0.493 |
| LT 10th percentile of body mass index (reference = 25th–75th percentile) | 0.085 | 0.279 |
| 10th–25th percentile of body mass index | 0.151 | 0.358 |
| GT 75th percentile of body mass index | 0.248 | 0.432 |
| Upper body limitation (some or lot of difficulty, or unable) | 0.275 | 0.447 |
| Lower body limitation (some or lot of difficulty, or unable) | 0.479 | 0.500 |
| Education (reference = LT high school) | ||
| High school graduate | 0.376 | 0.484 |
| Some college | 0.145 | 0.352 |
| College graduate | 0.144 | 0.351 |
| Family income (reference = LT U.S.$10,000) | ||
| U.S.$10,000–20,000 | 0.290 | 0.454 |
| U.S.$20,000–30,000 | 0.210 | 0.408 |
| U.S.$30,000–40,000 | 0.123 | 0.328 |
| U.S.$40,000 or more | 0.201 | 0.401 |
| Age (reference = 65–67) | ||
| 68–70 | 0.168 | 0.374 |
| 71–74 | 0.200 | 0.400 |
| 75–79 | 0.217 | 0.412 |
| 80–84 | 0.125 | 0.331 |
| 85 or older | 0.068 | 0.251 |
| Female (reference = male) | 0.596 | 0.491 |
| Race/ethnicity (reference = white non-Hispanic) | ||
| Asian | 0.010 | 0.099 |
| African American | 0.073 | 0.260 |
| White Hispanic | 0.028 | 0.165 |
| Other race | 0.016 | 0.124 |
| Year | 4.560 | 2.824 |
| Exogenous identifying variables | ||
| EOLEI | 11.544 | 1.925 |
| EOLEI decile mean | 11.538 | 1.895 |
| EOLEI decile rank | 5.366 | 2.882 |
| EOLEI decile dummies (reference = decile 1) | ||
| Decile 2 | 0.105 | 0.306 |
| Decile 3 | 0.114 | 0.318 |
| Decile 4 | 0.098 | 0.297 |
| Decile 5 | 0.102 | 0.302 |
| Decile 6 | 0.094 | 0.292 |
| Decile 7 | 0.094 | 0.292 |
| Decile 8 | 0.095 | 0.294 |
| Decile 9 | 0.097 | 0.295 |
| Decile 10 | 0.095 | 0.293 |
ADL, activities of daily living; EOLEI, End-of-Life Expenditure Index; HALex, Health and Activity Limitation Index; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.