Table 3.
Reading and Math Trajectories from Age 5 to Age 14
| Reading |
Math |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Fixed Effect | ||||||
| Intercept | 104.34 (0.24)*** | 108.64 (0.36)*** | 105.21 (1.04)*** | 99.20 (0.24)*** | 102.65 (0.34)*** | 101.00 (1.04)*** |
| # of years mothers working evening shift | −0.31 (0.16)* | −0.16 (0.15) | −0.21 (0.15) | 0.22 (0.16) | 0.39 (0.15)** | 0.28 (0.15) |
| # of years mothers working night shift | −0.47 (0.18)** | −0.34 (0.17)* | −0.35 (0.17)* | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.30 (0.17) | 0.19 (0.17) |
| # of years mothers working variable shift | 0.45 (0.11)*** | 0.31 (0.11)** | 0.30 (0.11)** | 0.52 (0.12)*** | 0.30 (0.11)** | 0.18 (0.11) |
| # of years fathers working evening shift | −0.38 (0.23) | −0.37 (0.21) | −0.26 (0.20) | −0.33 (0.22) | −0.29 (0.20) | −0.39 (0.19)* |
| # of years fathers working night shift | 0.45 (0.24) | 0.58 (0.22)** | 0.20 (0.15) | 0.37 (0.23) | 0.51 (0.21)* | 0.45 (0.20)* |
| # of years fathers working variable shift | 0.52 (0.17)** | 0.12 (0.15) | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.50 (0.16)** | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.12 (0.14) |
| Home environment | 0.004 (0.001)*** | 0.01 (0.001)*** | ||||
| Mom misses important events a lot | −0.93 (0.42)* | −0.88 (0.45)* | ||||
| Mom knows child’s whereabouts | 0.76 (0.34)* | 0.75 (0.36)* | ||||
| Participated in educational activities after school | 1.14 (0.46)* | 1.08 (0.48)* | ||||
| Doing household chores after school | ns | −0.66 (0.30)* | ||||
| Playing games/videos after school | −0.86 (0.37)* | ns | ||||
| Rate of Change | ||||||
| Intercept | −0.21 (0.08)* | −0.19 (0.09)* | −0.14 (0.12) | 0.54 (0.08)*** | 0.54 (0.08)*** | 0.26 (0.12)* |
| # of years mothers working evening shift | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.11 (0.04)* | −0.13 (0.04)** | −0.09 (0.04)* |
| # of years mothers working night shift | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.13 (0.05)** | −0.15 (0.05)** | −0.12 (0.05)* |
| # of years mothers working variable shift | −0.08 (0.03)** | −0.06 (0.03)* | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.03)** | −0.06 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| # of years fathers working evening shift | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) |
| # of years fathers working night shift | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.09 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) |
| # of years fathers working variable shift | −0.03 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| Controls for demographic characteristics | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Controls for mediators | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Variance Components | ||||||
| Level 1 – Within individual | 53.56 (0.73)*** | 53.67 (0.74)*** | 53.74 (0.74)*** | 68.78 (0.92)*** | 69.04 (0.93)*** | 68.95 (0.93)*** |
| Level2 – Between individual | ||||||
| Initial status | 117.83 (3.15)*** | 92.36 (2.68)*** | 90.43 (2.66)*** | 107.05 (3.14)*** | 81.47 (2.68)*** | 78.18 (2.63)*** |
| Rate of change | 8.84 (0.36)*** | 8.68 (0.35)*** | 8.58 (0.35)*** | 4.58 (0.31)*** | 4.44 (0.31)*** | 4.32 (0.30)*** |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Deviance (= −2log-likelihood) | 159691.3 | 158506.1 | 158369.5 | 161910.0 | 160430.7 | 160165.43 |
| AIC | 159719.3 | 158560.1 | 158505.5 | 161938.0 | 160484.7 | 160299.4 |
| BIC | 159830.6 | 158774.8 | 159046.3 | 162049.4 | 160699.6 | 160832.5 |
| R2 | 0.0040 | 0.1484 | 0.1636 | 0.0052 | 0.1795 | 0.2013 |
Note. Numbers represent unstandardized coefficients with standard errors in parentheses. Demographic characteristics include child’s gender, race/ethnicity, and having siblings; mother’s age, marital status, and education at birth; family income the year before birth; number of years receiving welfare; number of years living in single-mother families; mothers’ average weekly work hours; number of years mothers had worked at professional, sales, or service-sector jobs; and number of years mothers/fathers not working.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001.