Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics for Total Sample and by Reader Group
| Total Sample | Not-At-Risk Readers | At-Risk Readers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | |
| Predictor measures: | |||||||||
| CTOPP Elision | 10.77 | 2.69 | 243 | 11.12 | 2.60 | 198 | 9.20 | 2.53 | 45 |
| CTOPP Rapid Digits–Time | 25.89 | 6.98 | 243 | 24.48 | 5.67 | 198 | 32.09 | 8.68 | 45 |
| CTOPP Rapid Letters–Time | 29.56 | 8.98 | 243 | 27.59 | 6.71 | 198 | 38.20 | 12.19 | 45 |
| Graphophonemic Fluency | 18.87 | 14.59 | 243 | 21.82 | 14.50 | 198 | 5.90 | 4.25 | 45 |
| Graphophonemic Fluency growth | 12.11 | 9.59 | 243 | 13.06 | 9.99 | 198 | 7.96 | 6.08 | 45 |
| Letter-Sound Fluency | 50.46 | 16.02 | 243 | 52.71 | 15.88 | 198 | 40.57 | 12.62 | 45 |
| Letter-Sound Fluency growth | 15.11 | 16.73 | 243 | 15.80 | 17.53 | 198 | 12.04 | 12.29 | 45 |
| Phonemic Segmentation Fluency | 33.78 | 13.60 | 243 | 34.45 | 13.06 | 198 | 30.80 | 15.56 | 45 |
| Phonemic Segmentation Fluency growth | 11.03 | 13.36 | 243 | 10.68 | 12.73 | 198 | 12.57 | 15.91 | 45 |
| Spelling (CLS) | 22.54 | 10.70 | 243 | 24.74 | 10.35 | 198 | 12.84 | 5.66 | 45 |
| Spelling (CLS) growth | 9.74 | 7.66 | 243 | 10.28 | 8.04 | 198 | 7.36 | 5.12 | 45 |
| SSRS Academic Competence | 95.71 | 10.85 | 243 | 98.24 | 9.91 | 198 | 84.60 | 7.30 | 45 |
| SSRS Problem Behaviors | 93.49 | 10.99 | 243 | 92.25 | 10.01 | 198 | 98.96 | 13.35 | 45 |
| SSRS Social Skills | 110.13 | 13.67 | 243 | 111.77 | 13.32 | 198 | 102.93 | 12.93 | 45 |
| Teacher Reading Rating (overall rating) | 3.25 | .96 | 243 | 3.48 | .84 | 198 | 2.24 | .80 | 45 |
| Teacher Reading Rating (total problems) | .62 | 1.39 | 243 | .27 | .91 | 198 | 2.18 | 1.95 | 45 |
| TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency | 106.86 | 12.58 | 243 | 109.87 | 11.35 | 198 | 93.58 | 8.49 | 45 |
| TOWRE Phonemic Decoding Efficiency | 107.27 | 10.66 | 243 | 109.06 | 10.29 | 198 | 99.38 | 8.58 | 45 |
| WJ-R Oral Vocabulary–Synonyms and Antonyms | 11.93 | 3.69 | 243 | 12.46 | 3.46 | 198 | 9.60 | 3.80 | 45 |
| Word ID Fluency | 24.77 | 23.78 | 243 | 28.94 | 24.47 | 198 | 6.46 | 2.97 | 45 |
| Word ID Fluency growth | 11.18 | 11.69 | 243 | 12.45 | 12.51 | 198 | 5.59 | 3.37 | 45 |
| WRMT Word Attack | 108.00 | 13.12 | 243 | 111.00 | 10.98 | 198 | 94.80 | 13.70 | 45 |
| WRMT Word ID | 110.94 | 10.27 | 243 | 113.67 | 8.50 | 198 | 98.93 | 8.68 | 45 |
| Criterion measures: | |||||||||
| CRAB Comprehension | 4.09 | 2.30 | 243 | 4.77 | 1.96 | 198 | 1.09 | .80 | 45 |
| CRAB Fluency | 68.37 | 36.65 | 243 | 78.93 | 32.05 | 198 | 21.91 | 8.82 | 45 |
| Graphophonemic Fluency | 35.64 | 17.46 | 243 | 40.34 | 15.64 | 198 | 14.99 | 6.85 | 45 |
| Passage Reading Fluency | 65.66 | 38.44 | 243 | 76.06 | 34.93 | 198 | 19.92 | 6.16 | 45 |
| Spelling (CLS) | 36.61 | 12.23 | 243 | 39.64 | 11.02 | 198 | 23.27 | 7.44 | 45 |
| Word ID Fluency | 48.33 | 27.54 | 243 | 55.63 | 25.22 | 198 | 16.22 | 5.55 | 45 |
| WRMT Word Attack | 110.60 | 11.83 | 243 | 113.78 | 9.68 | 198 | 96.64 | 10.32 | 45 |
| WRMT Word ID | 110.84 | 8.94 | 243 | 113.54 | 7.06 | 198 | 98.98 | 6.32 | 45 |
Note.—CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; CLS = Correct Letter Sequences; SSRS = The Social Skills Rating System; TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency; WJ-R = Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery—Revised; WRMT = Woodcock Reading Mastery Test; CRAB = Comprehensive Reading Assessment Battery.