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The c10-ring is not required for subunit a insertion into the membrane. Western blot of cell membranes from strains expressing no F0 subunits (a), wild type (wt) subunit a (b–d) with the wild type subunit c (b), G23D mutant of subunit c (c), or L31F mutant of subunit c (d) probed with antibody directed against the pentahistidine tag (A) or anti-subunit c antibody (B). The band in panel B at ∼25 kDa is an artifact commonly observed with this antibody.
