. 2011 Oct 10;12:111. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-111

Table 2.

Description of studies

Study/Year	Design	Participants	Tests and reference	Variables measured	Prevalence UTI
Verest LFHM ⁽¹⁴⁾ 2000	prospective	- 292 women suspect of UTI - age > 12 yr - primary care - excluded if antibiotic has been taken - Netherlands	-dipstick -culture	- nitrites and leukocytes in dipstick test (cut-off not defined) - culture (UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) 58% (168/292)

Baerheim A ⁽¹⁹⁾ 1999	Prospective symptoms were registered in the patient's home for three days	- 196 women with symptoms of the lower urinary tract - age 48 yr (average) - primary care - Norway	- self-monitoring of symptoms thrice daily for 3 days - dipstick test - culture	- dysuria - frequency - urge - suprapubic pain - low back pain - pyuria on dipstick - culture (UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 46.8%

Dawborn JK ⁽²⁰⁾ 1973	prospective	- 62 women with symptoms suggestive of UTI - age 15-50 yr - primary care - Victoria (Australia)	- questionnaire for the register of antecedents, symptoms and signs - culture	- history of urinary complaints - pain on micturition - frequency - back pain - anorexia - vaginal irritation - abundant vaginal discharge - culture (UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 63% (37/59)

Fahey T ⁽²¹⁾ 2003	Prospective	- 136 women with symptoms for UTI - age not indicated - primary care - United Kingdom	- asked about explicity for 11 symptoms associated with UTI - near patient test - culture	- frquency and dysuria - dysuria - fequency - haematuria - urgeny - nocturia - nauses - vomiting - abdominal pain - back pain - vaginal discharge - leukocyte near patient test - nitrite - culture (UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 38%

Fairley KF ⁽²²⁾ 1971	prospective	- 78 women with symptomatic micturition - age 8-80 yr, most 30-40 yr - primary care - Victoria (Australia)	- symptoms and signs were registered systematically - urine culture - bladder catheterized depending on culture results	- frequency - burning - suprapubic pain - loin pain - temperature - rigors - nausea and vomiting - haematuria (microscopy) - culture (UTI if ≥10⁴bacteria/mL)	p(UTI) = 71% (55/78)

Jellheden B ⁽²³⁾ 1996	systematic register of clinical findings from all patients	- 819 women with signs and symptoms suggesting UTI - age over 18 yr - primary care - Sweden	- dipstick test - urinoculture	-dysuria -frequency -suprapubic pain -flank pain -fever -nitrites on dipstick - culture (agar, UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 83%

Lawson DH ⁽²⁴⁾ 1973	prospective	-343 women with symptomatic micturition - age 15-55 yr - Canada	- use of a questionnaire to register data - urine sample - urinoculture - control of evolution after 14 days	- pyrexia - loin pain - frequency - dysuria - nocturia - stress incontinence - previous symptoms - culture (UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 34.3%

Leibovici L ⁽²⁵⁾ 1989	prospective	- 266 women with dysuria - 17 to 25 years old - primary care - Israel	- clinical interview and examination followed a check-list - urine sample taken for dipstick and culture	- sexual activity - vaginal discharge - duration of symptoms - pyuria (sediment) - hematuria (sediment) - culture (agar, UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 55.3%

Medina-Bombardó D ⁽²⁶⁾ 2003	prospective	- 343 women with incident urinary symptoms - Median age 44 years old, (range 15-90) - Primary care - Spain	- clinical systematically interview and clinical exam by check-list - urine reactive strip test - urinoculture	- urinary symptoms: freqúency, burning, tenesmus, urgency, painfou voiding, difficult, diurnal and or nocturnal incontinence and combinations two of them. - medical history: urinary tract infections, sexual activity, vulvovaginitys, urolithiasis, diabetes mellitus, urinary catheterization - sings: lower abdominal pain, positive fist percussion, genital erythema, fever - accompanying symptoms: lower abdominal discomfort, general malaise, genital discomfort, dyspareunia, cold chills, uncreased vaginal discharge, perineal discomfort. - reactive strip test: pyuria, nitrite - culture (agar, UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 48.4%

Nazareth I ⁽²⁷⁾ 1993	prospective	- 61 women presenting with symptoms on urination (frequency or dysuria) - 16-45 years old - primary care - no antibiotic treatment - United Kingdom	- data on symptoms, signs and clinical exam were collected by the physician using a questionnaire with open questions - urine sample for culture	- dysuria - frequency - urgency - vaginal symptoms - abdominal symptoms - back pain - haematuria - fever - culture (≥10⁵CFU/L)	p(UTI) = 28%

Osterberg E ⁽²⁸⁾ 1996	prospective	- 217 women with dysuria and/or urgency/frequency - age 15-35 yr - primary care - Sweden	- questionnaire on symptoms - dipstick - culture on "Dipslide"	- dysuria and urgency/frequency - nitrites on dipstick - positive granulocyte esterase (≥1) - culture (UTI if ≥10⁵CFU/mL)	p(UTI) = 52%

UTI urinary tract infection; CFU/mL Colony Forming Units/milliliter sample; p(UTI) prevalence of UTI