The role of autophagy in induction of IFN-β during HSV-1 infection. A, BM-DCs were pretreated for 20 min with 3-MA (10 mM) or left untreated and infected with HSV-1 (3 MOI), PrV (3 MOI), or VSV (1.6 MOI) (B). C, wt and MAVS−/− BMMs were infected with VSV (1.6 MOI) and wild type (Vav-iCre−; Atg7Flox/Flox) and Vav-ATG7−/− (Vav-iCre; Atg7Flox/Flox) BM-DCs were infected with HSV-1 (D–F). A–C and E–F, total RNA was extracted 6 h post infection. Expression of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and normalized to β-actin mRNA. The data are shown as means of dublicates ± S.D.. D, whole-cell extracts were harvested 6 hours post treatment and LC3 II and GAPDH (A–F, and I) protein levels were measured by western blotting. A.U., arbitrary unit.