Table 1. Frequency distributions of demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factors in children with and without an inter-ocular visual acuity difference of two or more lines and those with and without bilateral decreased visual acuity in the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
| Variable | With IOD (N=242) |
Without IOD (N=5455) |
P value** |
With BDVA (N=63) |
Without BDVA (N=5253) |
P value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%)* | n (%)* | n (%)* | n (%)* | |||
| Age group (in months) | 0.003 | 0.0004 | ||||
| 60-72 | 64 (3.5) | 1772 (96.5) | 10 (0.6) | 1686 (99.4) | ||
| 48-59 | 66 (3.7) | 1737 (96.3) | 28 (1.7) | 1666 (98.4) | ||
| 36-47 | 92 (5.8) | 1487 (94.2) | 13 (0.9) | 1471 (99.1) | ||
| 30-35 | 20 (4.2) | 459 (95.8) | 12 (2.7) | 430 (97.3) | ||
| Sex: female | 128 (4.5) | 2726 (95.5) | 0.37 | 28 (1.1) | 2630 (99.0) | 0.38 |
| Race/ethnic group | <0.0001 | 0.006 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 43 (2.9) | 1431 (97.1) | 4 (0.3) | 1216 (99.7) | ||
| African-American | 79 (3.3) | 2351 (96.7) | 32 (1.4) | 2315 (98.6) | ||
| Hispanic | 120 (6.7) | 1673 (93.3) | 27 (1.5) | 1722 (98.5) | ||
| Study site | <0.0001 | 0.001 | ||||
| MEPEDS | 216 (5.0) | 4076 (95.0) | 58 (1.5) | 3873 (98.5) | ||
| BPEDS | 26 (1.9) | 1379 (98.1) | 5 (0.4) | 1380 (99.6) | ||
|
Primary caregiver education:
high school diploma † |
172 (4.1) | 4013 (95.9) | 0.32 | 34 (0.9) | 3862 (99.1) | 0.0005 |
|
Family income below
$20,000/year † |
120 (4.8) | 2394 (95.2) | 0.16 | 35 (1.4) | 2444 (98.6) | 0.12 |
|
Health insurance within last
12 months † |
222 (4.3) | 4920 (95.7) | 0.25 | 57 (1.1) | 5029 (98.9) | 0.05 |
|
Vision insurance within last
12 months † |
92 (3.4) | 2655 (96.6) | 0.0001 | 24 (0.9) | 2703 (99.1) | 0.08 |
|
Last routine primary care visit
<2 years ago † |
228 (4.3) | 5061 (95.7) | 0.22 | 62 (1.2) | 5155 (98.8) | 1.00 |
| Difficulty accessing care † | 37 (5.2) | 671 (94.8) | 0.94 | 11 (1.6) | 687 (98.4) | 0.81 |
|
Maternal age at pregnancy
≥35 years † |
27 (4.1) | 629 (95.9) | 0.84 | 7 (1.1) | 639 (98.9) | 0.77 |
| Gestational age (weeks) † | 0.04‡ | 0.68‡ | ||||
| <33 | 11 (7.9) | 129 (92.1) | 2 (1.5) | 136 (98.5) | ||
| 33 to <37 | 14 (4.3) | 293 (95.7) | 4 (1.3) | 302 (98.7) | ||
| 37 to <42 | 183 (4.2) | 4149 (95.8) | 50 (1.2) | 4231 (98.8) | ||
| ≥42 | 10 (4.6) | 210 (95.4) | 2 (0.9) | 216 (99.1) | ||
| Small for gestational age † | 39 (4.3) | 876 (95.7) | 0.99 | 13 (1.4) | 893 (98.6) | 0.45 |
| Down syndrome † | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0.03 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 0.08 |
| Cerebral palsy † | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.20 | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) | 1.00 |
| Family history of strabismus † | 11 (3.3) | 318 (96.7) | 0.35 | 3 (0.9) | 326 (99.1) | 1.00 |
| Family history of amblyopia † | 6 (8.0) | 69 (92.0) | 0.14 | 1 (1.3) | 74 (98.7) | 0.59 |
| Smoked during pregnancy † | 19 (4.5) | 404 (95.5) | 0.95 | 8 (1.9) | 415 (98.1) | 0.21 |
|
Drank alcohol during
pregnancy † |
7 (4.9) | 135 (95.1) | 0.76 | 2 (1.4) | 139 (98.6) | 0.70 |
| Breastfed † | 151 (4.5) | 3182 (95.5) | 0.34 | 31 (0.9) | 3269 (99.1) | 0.02 |
IOD: inter-ocular visual acuity difference of 2 or more lines with visual acuity 20/32 or worse in the worse eye. BDVA: bilaterally decreased visual acuity, worse than 20/50, or worse than 20/40 in children aged ≥48 months. MEPEDS: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. BPEDS: Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
*
Denominator is the number of participants from both study centers having the stated level of the risk factor.
**
Chi square or fisher exact where applicable
†
Sum of n with (shown) and without (not shown) exposure for this variable differs from total N for one or both outcomes due to missing data.
‡
P value reported is for dichotomous categorization of gestational age (<33 weeks; ≥33 weeks