Table 5. Independent risk factors* for bilateral decreased visual acuity in preschool children in the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Astigmatism † | <0.0001 | |
| <1.00 | Reference | |
| 1.00 to <2.00 D | 2.34 (1.13 – 4.86) | |
| ≥2.00 D | 17.57 (8.96 – 34.46) | |
| SE refractive error † | <0.0001 | |
| ≥0.00 to <+1.00 D | Reference | |
| <0.00 D | 1.72 (0.81 – 3.62) | |
| +1.00 to <+2.00 D | 0.43 (0.17 – 1.11) | |
| +2.00 to <+3.00 D | 0.96 (0.34 – 2.69) | |
| +3.00 to <+4.00 D | 2.13 (0.73 – 6.20) | |
| ≥+4.00 D | 10.83 (4.83 – 24.29) | |
| Age group (in months) | <0.0001 | |
| 60-72 | Reference | |
| 48-59 | 3.29 (1.52 – 7.14) | |
| 36-47 | 1.94 (0.81– 4.66) | |
| 30-35 | 8.83 (3.52 – 22.14) | |
| Health insurance | 0.02 | |
| Yes | Reference | |
| No | 2.91 (1.16 – 7.33) | |
| Primary caregiver education: H.S.** diploma | 0.0495 | |
| Yes | Reference | |
| No | 1.72 (1.001 – 2.96) |
SE: spherical equivalent. D: diopters. OR: Odds ratio. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
*
Based on a step-wise multiple regression model
†
Level of SE refractive error defined by less hyperopic eye and level of astigmatism defined by less astigmatic eye, or by eye with refractive error data if data missing for one eye.
**
H.S.: high school.