Table 2.
Frequency distributions of refractive error risk factors in 6- to 72-month-old children with and without strabismus in the MEPEDS and BPEDS
| Risk Factor | Esotropia (N=102) n (%)* | No Esotropia (N=8389) n (%)* | P Value | Exotropia (N=102) n (%)* | No Exotropia (N=8389) n (%)* | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE Anisometropia (D) | <0.0001 | 0.004 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| <0.50 | 64 (1.0) | 6546 (99.0) | 72 (1.1) | 6538 (98.9) | ||
| 0.50 to <1.00 | 21 (1.4) | 1496 (98.6) | 19 (1.3) | 1498 (98.7) | ||
| ≥1.00 | 17 (4.7) | 347 (95.3) | 11 (3.0) | 353 (97.0) | ||
|
| ||||||
| J0 Anisometropia (D) | 0.03 | <0.0001 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| <0.25 | 74 (1.1) | 6938 (98.9) | 67 (1.0) | 6945 (99.0) | ||
| 0.25 to <0.50 | 23 (1.9) | 1165 (98.1) | 26 (2.2) | 1162 (97.8) | ||
| ≥0.50 | 5 (1.7) | 286 (98.3) | 9 (3.1) | 282 (96.9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| J45 Anisometropia (D) | 0.007 | <0.0001 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| <0.25 | 68 (1.0) | 6623 (99.0) | 72 (1.1) | 6619 (98.9) | ||
| 0.25 to <0.50 | 20 (1.7) | 1150 (98.3) | 10 (0.9) | 1160 (99.1) | ||
| ≥0.50 | 14 (2.2) | 616 (97.8) | 20 (3.2) | 610 (96.8) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Astigmatism** (D) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| <0.50 | 44 (0.9) | 5148 (99.1) | 49 (0.9) | 5143 (99.1) | ||
| 0.50 to <1.00 | 26 (1.3) | 2020 (98.7) | 19 (0.9) | 2027 (99.1) | ||
| 1.00 to <1.50 | 18 (2.6) | 685 (97.4) | 13 (1.9) | 690 (98.1) | ||
| 1.50 to <2.50 | 12 (2.9) | 407 (97.1) | 12 (2.9) | 407 (97.1) | ||
| ≥2.50 D | 2 (1.5) | 129 (98.5) | 9 (6.9) | 122 (93.1) | ||
|
| ||||||
| SE Refractive Error** (D) | <0.0001† | 0.001† | ||||
|
| ||||||
| ≤ −1.00 | 3 (0.8) | 398 (99.2) | 13 (3.2) | 388 (96.8) | ||
| > −1.00 to < 0.00 | 5 (0.5) | 1007 (99.5) | 14 (1.4) | 998 (98.6) | ||
| 0.00 to < +1.00 | 7 (0.2) | 2907 (99.8) | 34 (1.2) | 2880 (98.8) | ||
| +1.00 to < +2.00 | 12 (0.5) | 2651 (99.5) | 29 (1.1) | 2634 (98.9) | ||
| +2.00 to < +3.00 | 14 (1.5) | 905 (98.5) | 5 (0.5) | 914 (99.5) | ||
| +3.00 to < +4.00 | 20 (5.7) | 331 (94.3) | 4 (1.1) | 347 (98.9) | ||
| +4.00 to < +5.00 | 17 (13.1) | 113 (86.9) | 1 (0.8) | 129 (99.2) | ||
| ≥ +5.00 | 24 (23.8) | 77 (76.2) | 2 (2.0) | 99 (98.0) | ||
MEPEDS: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study; BPEDS: Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study;
D = diopters; SE = Spherical equivalent; J0 =power in the vertical or horizontal meridian; J45 = power in the oblique meridian.
Percentage of participants with stated outcome status,
Level of refractive error defined by the less hyperopic eye for SE refractive error, and the less astigmatic eye for astigmatic refractive error, or by the eye with refractive error data if data are missing for the fellow eye.
P value for esotropia analysis is reported using a single category for all SE refractive errors < 0.00 D; P value for exotropia analysis is reported using a single category for all SE refractive errors ≥ +1.00 D.