Table 3.

Independent Risk Factors^† for Childhood Esotropia in 6- to 72-month Old Children in the MEPEDS and BPEDS

Risk Factor	OR (95% CI)*	P Value
SE refractive error (D)		<0.0001
0.00 to < +1.00	Reference
< 0.00 (myopia)	2.48 (0.89 – 6.91)
+1.00 to < +2.00	1.81 (0.71 – 4.62)
+2.00 to < +3.00	6.38 (2.56 – 15.93)
+3.00 to < +4.00	23.06 (9.56 – 55.61)
+4.00 to < +5.00	59.81 (23.61 – 151.52
≥ +5.00	122.24 (49.86 – 299.70)
Gestational age <33 weeks	4.43 (2.14 – 9.19)	<0.0001
Age group (months)		0.0003
06–11	Reference
12–23	2.88 (0.62 – 13.46)
24–35	3.75 (0.83 – 17.04)
36–47	4.03 (0.90 – 17.92)
48–59	7.94 (1.85 – 34.03)
60–72	9.40 (2.20 – 40.10)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy	2.04 (1.17 – 3.56)	0.01
Spherical equivalent anisometropia (D)		0.05
<0.50	Reference
0.50 to <1.00	0.91 (0.53 – 1.55)
≥1.00	2.03 (1.10 – 3.73)

MEPEDS: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study; BPEDS: Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study; OR = Odds ratio; CI = 95% confidence interval; SE = spherical equivalent; D = diopters

^†Based on multivariate stepwise logistic regression model

^*Adjusted for all factors listed in the table

OR’s in bold are statistically significant