Table 4.

Independent Risk Factors^† for Childhood Exotropia in 6- to 72-Month-Old Children in the MEPEDS and BPEDS

Risk Factor	OR (95% CI)*	P Value
Maternal smoking during pregnancy	2.88 (1.78 – 4.64)	<0.0001
Gestational age <33 weeks	2.48 (1.17 – 5.25)	0.018
Female sex	1.62 (1.08 – 2.42)	0.019
Astigmatism **(D)		<0.0001
<0.50	Reference
0.50 to <1.00	0.82 (0.48 – 1.41)
1.00 to <1.50	1.55 (0.82 – 2.91)
1.50 to <2.50	2.49 (1.30 – 4.79)
≥2.50	5.88 (2.76 – 12.54)
J0 Anisometropia (D)		0.003
<0.25	Reference
0.25 to <0.50	2.01 (1.25 – 3.22)
≥0.50	2.63 (1.26 – 5.49)

MEPEDS: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study, BPEDS: Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study, OR = Odds ratio; CI = 95% confidence interval; SE = spherical equivalent; D = diopters

^†Based on multivariate stepwise logistic regression model

^*Adjusted for all factors listed in the table

OR’s in bold are statistically significant

^**Level defined by the eye with the lower magnitude of astigmatism