Table 2.
Multilevel, Cross-Classified, Multivariable Regression Parameter Estimates for the Adjusted Change in Body Mass Indexa for Every 1-km Increase in Distance to Food Establishments, Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort, 1971–2001b
| Variable | Totalc |
Womend |
Mend |
|||
| βe (n = 13,423f) | 95% CrI | β (n = 7,043) | 95% CrI | β (n = 6,380) | 95% CrI | |
| Distance to closest food establishment | ||||||
| Closest fast-food restaurant | −0.11g | −0.20, −0.04 | −0.19g | −0.32, −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.14, 0.05 |
| Closest full-service restaurant | 0.02 | −0.07, 0.11 | 0.08 | −0.06, 0.21 | −0.05 | −0.14, 0.05 |
| Closest bakery/coffee shop | −0.02 | −0.08, 0.04 | −0.04 | −0.12, 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.07, 0.05 |
| Closest convenience store | 0.02 | −0.06, 0.09 | 0.00 | −0.12, 0.12 | 0.00 | −0.08, 0.08 |
| Closest grocery store | −0.06g | −0.10, −0.01 | −0.07 | −0.15, 0.001 | −0.04 | −0.08, 0.01 |
| Closest chain supermarket | −0.02 | −0.06, 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.03, 0.05 |
| Mean distance to closest 5 food establishments | ||||||
| Closest 5 fast-food restaurants | −0.03 | −0.10, 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.16, 0.07 | 0.00 | −0.08, 0.08 |
| Closest 5 full-service restaurants | −0.04 | −0.13, 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.16, 0.14 | −0.04 | −0.15, 0.05 |
| Closest 5 bakeries/coffee shops | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.10, 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.07, 0.05 |
| Closest 5 convenience stores | 0.01 | −0.06, 0.08 | −0.03 | −0.12, 0.09 | 0.03 | −0.05, 0.10 |
| Closest 5 grocery stores | −0.08g | −0.15, −0.03 | −0.11g | −0.21, −0.01 | −0.06 | −0.12, 0.01 |
| Closest 5 chain supermarkets | −0.01 | −0.06, 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.06, 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.04, 0.04 |
Abbreviation: CrI, credible interval.
Weight (kg)/height (m)2.
Results were adjusted for age, time (as both a categorical fixed effect and a linear random effect), education, and time-varying marital status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and number of intersections per square mile (per 1.6 km2).
Adjusted for sex, in addition to the other covariates.
Sex-stratified analyses were conducted because the interaction between sex and distance to food establishments was significant in most models.
Change in body mass index units (kg/m2).
Number of observations across all waves.
Two-sided 95% credible interval does not contain 0.