Table 3.
Percentage of Patients Who Would Have Liked to Discuss Religious or Spiritual Concerns, and the Percentage Who Did Discuss Such Concerns, Stratified by Patient Characteristics
| Desired discussion | Did discuss | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariate† | Bivariate | Multivariate† | |||
| % p (χ2) | OR (95%CI) | % p (χ2) | OR (95%CI) | |||
| Patient characteristics (N*) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Men (1,158) | 28 | 0.008 | 1.0 (Referent) | 42 | 0.503 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Women (1,850) | 33 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 40 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | ||
| Age in years | ||||||
| ≤40 (528) | 23 | 0.001 | 1.0 (Referent) | 33 | 0.008 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| 41–50 (327) | 29 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 42 | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | ||
| 51–60 (373) | 30 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 42 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9)‡ | ||
| 61–70 (293) | 35 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1)‡ | 43 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1)‡ | ||
| 71–80 (315) | 30 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 41 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | ||
| >80 (1,173) | 34 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 43 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9)‡ | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White (609) | 24 | 0.003 | 1.0 (Referent) | 46 | 0.009 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Black/African-American (2,189) | 28 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 39 | 0.7 (0.5–0.8)‡ | ||
| Other (197) | 30 | 1.5 (1.0–2.2)‡ | 45 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | ||
| Education level | ||||||
| No high school degree (627) | 38 | 0.000 | 1.0 (Referent) | 43 | 0415 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| High school degree (901) | 29 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9)‡ | 41 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | ||
| Some college (832) | 27 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8)‡ | 39 | 0.8 (.6–1.0)‡ | ||
| College or post-graduate degree (575) | 29 | 0.6 (0.–0.9)‡ | 39 | 0.7 (0.6–1.0)‡ | ||
| Health characteristics | ||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
| 0 (1,095) | 28 | 0.065 | 1.0 (Referent) | 37 | .039 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| 1 (527) | 34 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 43 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6)‡ | ||
| 2 (497) | 33 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 43 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | ||
| 3 (425) | 32 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 43 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | ||
| 4+ (465) | 32 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 44 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | ||
| Self-reported rating of health (0–100) | ||||||
| <40 (589) | 34 | 0.091 | 1.0 (Referent) | 46 | 0.058 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| 40–54 (890) | 28 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 41 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | ||
| 55–75 (834) | 30 | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 39 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | ||
| >75 (696) | 32 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 39 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | ||
| Severity of pain | ||||||
| None (1,008) | 29 | 0.115 | 1.0 (Referent) | 37 | .000 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Mild (360) | 29 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 39 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | ||
| Moderate (645) | 31 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 39 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | ||
| Severe (946) | 34 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6)‡ | 47 | 1.5 (1.2–1.8)‡ | ||
| Religious characteristics | ||||||
| Attendance at religious services | ||||||
| ≤ Once a year (834) | 23 | 0.000 | 1.0 (Referent) | 39 | 0.229 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| > Once/year to a few times/month (1,020) | 31 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6)‡ | 42 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | ||
| ≥ Once a week (1,007) | 37 | 1.5 (1.2–2.0)‡ | 43 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | ||
| Intrinsic religiosity | ||||||
| Low (419) | 16 | 0.000 | 1.0 (Referent) | 35 | 0.004 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Moderate (1,013) | 29 | 2.2 (1.6–3.1)‡ | 40 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8)‡ | ||
| High (1,401) | 37 | 2.0 (1.4–2.7)‡ | 44 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0)‡ | ||
| Self-rated spirituality | ||||||
| Low (118) | 21 | 0.000 | 1.0 (Referent) | 40 | 0.050 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Moderate (333) | 28 | 1.6 (1.2–2.2)‡ | 39 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | ||
| High (447) | 39 | 1.2 (1.2–2.2)‡ | 44 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | ||
Table presents characteristics significantly associated (at p < 0.05) with one or both criterion variables
*N counts vary slightly by analysis due to partial non-response
†Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) from multivariate logistic regression, after adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, self-rated health score, and religious characteristics
‡p < 0.05