Table 1.
Patient Characteristics Stratified by the Use of Spirometry and Associations between Spirometry and Patient Characteristics
| Total (N = 1052) | Spirometry (N = 527) | No Spirometry (N = 525) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 769 (73.1) | 383 (72.7) | 386 (73.5) | 0.76 | 1 |
| Male | 283 (26.9) | 144 (27.3) | 139 (26.5) | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | |
| Age, years, n (%) | |||||
| 35 to <45 | 169 (16.1) | 61 (11.6) | 108 (20.6) | <0.001 | 1 |
| 45 to <55 | 324 (30.8) | 158 (30.0) | 166 (31.6) | 1.37 (0.85–2.21) | |
| 55 to <65 | 281 (26.7) | 138 (26.2) | 143 (27.2) | 1.32 (0.78–2.25) | |
| ≥65 | 278 (26.4) | 170 (32.3) | 108 (20.6) | 2.10 (1.18–3.74) | |
| mean ± SD | 57.0 ± 11.6 | 58.9 ± 11.5 | 55.1 ± 11.4 | <0.001 | -- |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 160 (15.2) | 68 (12.9) | 92 (17.5) | 0.02 | 1 |
| African-American | 725 (68.9) | 386 (73.2) | 339 (64.6) | 1.41 (0.87–2.27) | |
| Hispanic | 151 (14.4) | 68 (12.9) | 83 (15.8) | 1.24 (0.68–2.25) | |
| Other | 16 (1.5) | 5 (1.0) | 11 (2.1) | 0.47 (0.11–1.97) | |
| Body mass index, kg/cm2, n (%) | |||||
| <18.5 | 17 (1.6) | 9 (1.7) | 8 (1.5) | 0.49 | 0.99 (0.27–3.58) |
| 18.5 to <25 | 152 (14.5) | 71 (13.5) | 81 (15.4) | 1 | |
| 25 to <35 | 479 (45.5) | 231 (43.8) | 248 (47.2) | 1.11 (0.69–1.81) | |
| 35 to <40 | 153 (14.5) | 80 (15.2) | 73 (13.9) | 1.41 (0.77–2.58) | |
| ≥40 | 251 (23.9) | 136 (25.8) | 115 (21.9) | 1.20 (0.66–2.17) | |
| mean ± SD | 33.9 ± 10.3 | 34.3 ± 10.3 | 33.4 ± 10.3 | 0.94 | -- |
| Years seen by primary care provider, years, n (%) | |||||
| 0 to <2 | 229 (21.8) | 102 (19.4) | 127 (24.2) | 0.01 | 1 |
| 2 to <4 | 173 (16.4) | 106 (20.1) | 67 (12.8) | 1.05 (0.63–1.74) | |
| 4 to <6 | 158 (15.0) | 85 (16.1) | 73 (13.9) | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | |
| 6 to <8 | 194 (18.4) | 88 (16.7) | 106 (20.2) | 0.33 (0.19–0.58) | |
| ≥8 | 298 (28.3) | 146 (27.7) | 152 (29.0) | 0.31 (0.17–0.52) | |
| mean ± SD | 5.2 ± 2.9 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 5.2 ± 3.0 | 0.39 | -- |
| Pulmonary visits, n (%) | 333 (31.7) | 295 (56.0) | 38 (7.2) | <0.001 | 16.69 (10.95–25.42) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| COPD | 222 (21.1 ) | 160 (30.4) | 62 (11.8) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.56–1.48) |
| Asthma | 522 (49.6) | 264 (50.1) | 258 (49.1) | 0.76 | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 175 (16.6) | 109 (20.7) | 66 (12.6) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.80–2.06) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 365 (34.7) | 193 (36.6) | 172 (32.8) | 0.19 | 0.89 (0.61–1.28) |
| Hypertension | 758 (72.1) | 405 (76.9) | 353 (67.2) | 0.001 | 1.10 (0.75–1.64) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 547 (52.0) | 288 (54.7) | 259 (49.3) | 0.08 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) |
| Coronary artery disease | 201 (19.1) | 127 (24.1) | 74 (14.1) | <0.001 | 1.47 (0.94–2.31) |
| Congestive heart failure | 153 (14.5) | 89 (16.9) | 64 (12.2) | 0.03 | 0.69 (0.42–1.13) |
| Depression | 311 (29.6) | 144 (27.3) | 167 (31.8) | 0.11 | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) |
| Bipolar disorder | 26 (2.5) | 9 (1.7) | 17 (3.2) | 0.11 | 0.30 (0.11–0.83) |
| Chronic symptoms, n (%) | |||||
| Dyspnea on exertion | 420 (39.9) | 259 (49.2) | 161 (30.7) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.06–2.18) |
| Shortness of breath | 511 (48.6) | 295 (56.0) | 216 (41.1) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) |
| Cough | 589 (56.0) | 317 (60.1) | 272 (51.8) | 0.01 | 1.71 (1.07–2.72) |
| Sputum | 418 (39.7) | 221 (41.9) | 197 (37.5) | 0.14 | 0.60 (0.38–0.96) |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | |||||
| Nonsmoker | 335 (31.8) | 152 (28.8) | 183(34.9) | 0.04 | 1 |
| Tobacco current | 267 (25.4) | 141 (26.8) | 126 (24.0) | 0.31 | 1.54 (0.99–2.40) |
| Tobacco past | 336 (31.9) | 188 (35.7) | 148 (28.2) | 0.01 | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) |
| Tobacco, not noted | 114 (10.8) | 46 (8.7) | 68 (13.0) | 0.03 | 0.50 (0.28–0.89) |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||
| SABA | 641 (60.9) | 380 (72.1) | 261 (49.7) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.32–3.21) |
| SAA | 216 (20.5) | 162 (30.7) | 54 (10.3) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.14–3.04) |
| LABA | 375 (35.7) | 235 (44.6) | 140 (26.7) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) |
| LAA | 79 (7.5) | 70 (13.3) | 9 (1.7) | <0.001 | 2.93 (1.21–7.07) |
| ICS | 472 (44.9) | 278 (52.8) | 194 (37.0) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.55–1.66) |
SAA = Short-acting β-agonist; SAA = Short-acting anticholinergic, LABA = Long-acting β-agonist, LAA = Long-acting anticholinergic; ICS = Inhaled corticosteroids