Table 4. Determinants of moderate-to-high benefit finding and post-traumatic growth in colorectal cancer survivors.
|
Moderate-to-high benefit finding
|
Moderate to high post-traumatic growth
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | ORcrude | ORadjusted a | N (%) | ORcrude | ORadjusted a | |
| Psycho-social factors | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 117 (67) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 83 (49) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Male | 184 (63) | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 0.87 (0.55–1.37) | 129 (44) | 0.84 (0.58–1.23) | 0.93 (0.61–1.44) |
| Age at follow-up (years) | ||||||
| −59 | 37 (69) | 0.91 (0.44–1.90) | 0.95 (0.42–2.15) | 31 (57) | 1.93 (0.97–3.84) | 1.88 (0.88–4.05) |
| 60–69 | 82 (61) | 0.66 (0.37–1.18) | 0.62 (0.34–1.15) | 64 (48) | 1.31 (0.75–2.26) | 1.03 (0.70–2.30) |
| 70–79 | 120 (62) | 0.68 (0.40–1.17) | 0.63 (0.36–1.12) | 82 (43) | 1.10 (0.65–1.84) | 1.09 (0.63–1.88) |
| 80+ | 62 (71) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 35 (41) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Ptrend=0.6245 | Ptrend=0.6769 | Ptrend=0.0522 | Ptrend=0.0999 | |||
| Living with a partner at follow-up | ||||||
| No | 70 (66) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 197 (55) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Yes | 229 (63) | 0.89 (0.56–1.40) | 1.07 (0.64–1.80) | 162 (45) | 0.91 (0.58–1.41) | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) |
| School education b | ||||||
| ⩽ 9 years | 215 (67) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 147 (47) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| 10–11 years | 53 (65) | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) | 0.90 (0.52–1.55) | 41 (51) | 1.15 (0.71–1.88) | 1.11 (0.66–1.86) |
| 12+ years | 32 (47) | 0.43 (0.26–0.74) | 0.45 (0.25–0.78) | 23 (34) | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.59 (0.33–1.06) |
| Ptrend=0.0046 | Ptrend=0.0088 | Ptrend=0.1194 | Ptrend=0.1523 | |||
| Number of real friends b | ||||||
| 0–2 | 64 (60) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 43 (42) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| 3–5 | 136 (67) | 1.33 (0.82–2.17) | 1.41 (0.85–2.34) | 94 (47) | 1.24 (0.77–2.00) | 1.25 (0.76–2.07) |
| 6+ | 101 (63) | 1.11 (0.67–1.83) | 1.13 (0.67–1.92) | 75 (47) | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) | 1.27 (0.75–2.16) |
| Ptrend=0.8185 | Ptrend=0.7778 | Ptrend=0.4287 | Ptrend=0.4051 | |||
| Number of comorbidities b | ||||||
| 0 | 120 (60) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 89 (45) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| 1 | 102 (68) | 1.37 (0.88–2.14) | 1.26 (0.80–2.01) | 79 (53) | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 1.36 (0.87–2.12) |
| 2+ | 75 (66) | 1.30 (0.80–2.11) | 1.13 (0.67–1.88) | 43 (40) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) |
| Ptrend=0.2184 | Ptrend=0.5523 | Ptrend=0.6463 | Ptrend=0.7522 | |||
|
Clinical factors
| ||||||
| Stage b | ||||||
| I | 94 (61) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 60 (40) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| II | 110 (66) | 1.21 (0.77–1.91) | 1.08 (0.65–1.78) | 70 (43) | 1.11 (0.70–1.73) | 1.03 (0.63–1.69) |
| III | 87 (64) | 1.09 (0.68–1.76) | 0.91 (0.44–1.88) | 74 (54) | 1.77 (1.11–2.83) | 1.50 (0.75–3.01) |
| IV | 10 (77) | 2.09 (0.55–7.92) | 1.42 (0.31–6.42) | 8 (62) | 2.37 (0.74–7.60) | 1.79 (0.46–6.88) |
| Ptrend=0.4574 | Ptrend=0.9517 | Ptrend=0.0089 | Ptrend=0.2590 | |||
| Adjuvant therapy | ||||||
| None | 171 (63) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 109 (41) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Radiotherapy | 6 (50) | 0.60 (0.19–1.90) | 0.56 (0.16–1.94) | 5 (42) | 1.04 (0.32–3.35) | 1.02 (0.30–3.52) |
| Chemotherapy | 74 (66) | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 1.04 (0.52–2.06) | 57 (52) | 1.59 (1.02–2.49) | 0.99 (0.51–1.90) |
| Both | 50 (69) | 1.30 (0.75–2.25) | 1.27 (0.63–2.55) | 41 (55) | 1.80 (1.07–3.03) | 1.23 (0.64–2.37) |
| Ptrend=0.3129 | Ptrend=0.5347 | Ptrend=0.0077 | Ptrend=0.5872 | |||
| Colorectal cancer recurrence | ||||||
| No | 275 (63) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 192 (45) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Yes | 26 (77) | 1.90 (0.84–4.30) | 1.69 (0.71–4.00) | 20 (59) | 1.76 (0.86–3.57) | 1.55 (0.72–3.33) |
|
Psycho-social factors
| ||||||
| Burden of diagnosis c | ||||||
| Not at all | 22 (63) | 0.75 (0.36–1.56) | 0.91 (0.41–2.01) | 9 (27) | 0.33 (0.15–0.74) | 0.36 (0.15–0.84) |
| Little | 37 (58) | 0.61 (0.35–1.06) | 0.57 (0.32–1.04) | 24 (38) | 0.54 (0.31–0.95) | 0.58 (0.32–1.06) |
| Modest | 52 (55) | 0.54 (0.33–0.87) | 0.59 (0.36–0.98) | 36 (38) | 0.54 (0.33–0.87) | 0.57 (0.34–0.95) |
| High | 185 (69) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 142 (53) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Ptrend=0.0631 | Ptrend=0.1471 | Ptrend=0.0004 | Ptrend=0.0028 | |||
| Burden of treatment c | ||||||
| Not at all | 42 (65) | 1.04 (0.58–1.87) | 1.25 (0.66–2.38) | 22 (35) | 0.54 (0.30–0.97) | 0.66 (0.35–1.25) |
| Little | 50 (68) | 1.19 (0.68–2.10) | 1.42 (0.77–2.62) | 34 (47) | 0.87 (0.51–1.49) | 1.01 (0.56–1.80) |
| Modest | 71 (62) | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) | 1.03 (0.62–1.72) | 52 (45) | 0.83 (0.51–1.31) | 0.93 (0.57–1.52) |
| High | 126 (64) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 99 (50) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Ptrend=0.7070 | Ptrend=0.3114 | Ptrend=0.0605 | Ptrend=0.3155 | |||
| Identification as cancer patient c | ||||||
| No | 205 (63) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 145 (45) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Yes | 89 (65) | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 60 (45) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) |
| Stress (QSC)c,d | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | ||
| Depression score (GDS)c,e | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | ||
Abbreviations: OR=odds ratio; QSC=questionnaire on stress in cancer patients; GDS=geriatric depression scale. Significant P-values (P<0.05) and significant associations are hightlighed in bold.
a
Adjusted for sex, age at follow-up, living with a partner, education, number of real friends, number of comorbidities, stage, adjuvant therapy, and recurrence, not including the determinant of interest.
b
Factor was measured at baseline.
c
Factor was measured at the 5-year follow-up.
d
ORs refer to an increment of the QSC summary score by 1.
e
ORs refer to an increment of the GDS by 1 (i.e., reporting one more depressive symptom).