TABLE 3.
HAZARD RATIOS FOR MORTALITY AND FOR INCIDENT MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE, PER 10-μg/m3 INCREMENT OF PM2.5 (1999–2005) AND PM10 (1996–2005) FOR THE CALIFORNIA TEACHERS STUDY COHORT
| PM2.5 |
PM10 |
|||||
| Outcome | No. of Events | n | HR* (95% CI) | No. of Events | n | HR* (95% CI) |
| All-cause mortality | 4,147 | 73,489 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.09) | 4,694 | 61,181 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 1,630 | 73,489 | 1.07 (0.95, 1.19) | 1,863 | 61,181 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) |
| NM respiratory mortality | 404 | 73,489 | 1.21 (0.97, 1.52) | 453 | 61,181 | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) |
| Lung cancer mortality | 234 | 73,489 | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 275 | 61,181 | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) |
| IHD mortality | 773 | 73,489 | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41) | 843 | 61,181 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) |
| Cerebrovascular mortality | 382 | 73,489 | 1.16 (0.92, 1.46) | 486 | 61,181 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) |
| MI incidence | 722 | 72,403 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | 837 | 60,307 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) |
| Stroke incidence | 969 | 72,230 | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 1,179 | 60,204 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; IHD = ischemic heart disease; MI = myocardial infarction; NM = nonmalignant; PM2.5 = particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter.
Models adjusted for age, race, smoking status, total pack-years, body mass index, marital status, alcohol consumption, second-hand smoke exposure at home, dietary fat, dietary fiber, dietary calories, physical activity, menopausal status, hormone therapy use, family history of MI or stroke, blood pressure medication, and aspirin use, and for contextual variables (income, income inequality, education, population size, racial composition, and unemployment). Exposure period for PM2.5, March 1999–December 2005; cohort follow-up period, March 2000–December 2005. Exposure period for PM10, June 1996–December 2005; cohort follow-up period, June 1997–December 2005.