Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects by sleep duration
| N | Total | Sleep Duration Per Day |
P valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 5 h | 6 h | 7 h | 8 h | ≥ 9 h | ||||
| Number | 4268 | 333 | 1205 | 1865 | 775 | 90 | ||
| baPWV (cm/s) | 4268 | 1345 ± 202 | 1301 ± 190 | 1321 ± 191 | 1346 ± 194 | 1386 ± 215 | 1465 ± 312 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | 4268 | |||||||
| Men | 3410 (79.9%) | 236 (70.9%) | 874 (72.5%) | 1535 (82.3%) | 681 (87.9%) | 84 (93.3%) | < 0.001 | |
| Women | 858 (20.1%) | 97 (29.1%) | 331 (27.5%) | 330 (17.7%) | 94 (12.1%) | 6 (6.7%) | ||
| Age | 4268 | 48.0 ± 6.9 | 45.8 ± 7.3 | 47.2 ± 6.8 | 48.2 ± 6.9 | 49.6 ± 6.7 | 50.1 ± 6.9 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 4262 | 121.1 ± 15.7 | 117.3 ± 14.0 | 119.6 ± 15.5 | 121.6 ± 15.7 | 123.5 ± 16.0 | 127.6 ± 18.4 | < 0.001 |
| HR | 4268 | 60.4 ± 9.2 | 60.0 ± 8.5 | 60.4 ± 9.2 | 60.3 ± 9.2 | 60.8 ± 9.6 | 61.6 ± 9.2 | 0.443 |
| BMI | 4267 | 23.4 ± 3.1 | 23.3 ± 3.5 | 23.5 ± 3.1 | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 23.5 ± 3.0 | 23.5 ± 3.6 | 0.811 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 4268 | 207.6 ± 33.1 | 206.9 ± 33.3 | 208.7 ± 32.8 | 206.8 ± 32.3 | 208.3 ± 34.5 | 204.3 ± 41.0 | 0.404 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL)a | 4268 | 99.0 (97.4, 100.6) | 95.1 (89.3, 101.3) | 96.7 (93.7, 99.8) | 98.2 (95.9, 100.6) | 106.5 (102.5, 110.6) | 98.3 (87.4, 110.7) | 0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 4268 | 59.3 ± 15.4 | 59.4 ± 16.0 | 60.3 ± 15.9 | 59.1 ± 15.1 | 58.1 ± 15.0 | 60.5 ± 16.9 | 0.034 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 4268 | 94.4 ± 20.1 | 93.4 ± 21.5 | 93.6 ± 20.3 | 94.3 ± 18.9 | 96.4 ± 22.2 | 94.9 ± 15.2 | 0.038 |
| Medication for Hypertension | 4268 | |||||||
| Yes | 356 (8.3%) | 18 (5.4%) | 93 (7.7%) | 153 (8.2%) | 79 (10.2%) | 13 (14.4%) | 0.015 | |
| No | 3912 (91.7%) | 315 (94.6%) | 1112 (92.3%) | 1712 (91.8%) | 696 (89.8%) | 77 (85.6%) | ||
| Educational Background | 4268 | |||||||
| >High school | 1937 (45.4%) | 171 (51.4%) | 560 (46.5%) | 888 (47.6%) | 297 (38.3%) | 21 (23.3%) | < 0.001 | |
| ≤ High school | 2331 (54.6%) | 162 (48.6%) | 645 (53.5%) | 977 (52.4%) | 478 (61.7%) | 69 (76.7%) | ||
| Frequency of Exercise | 4262 | |||||||
| Rarely or never | 2437 (57.2%) | 200 (60.2%) | 749 (62.2%) | 1042 (56.0%) | 393 (50.8%) | 53 (59.6%) | < 0.001 | |
| 1-2 times/week | 1175 (27.6%) | 74 (22.3%) | 303 (25.1%) | 533 (28.3%) | 249 (32.2%) | 16 (18.0%) | ||
| 3 times/week or more | 650 (15.3%) | 58 (17.5%) | 153 (12.7%) | 287 (15.4%) | 132 (17.1%) | 20 (22.5%) | ||
| Smoking Status | 4268 | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 1381 (32.4%) | 121 (36.3%) | 431 (35.8%) | 622 (33.4%) | 182 (23.5%) | 25 (27.8%) | < 0.001 | |
| Ex-smoker | 983 (23.0%) | 52 (15.6%) | 247 (20.5%) | 443 (23.8%) | 220 (28.4%) | 21 (23.3%) | ||
| Current | 1904 (44.6%) | 160 (48.0%) | 527 (43.7%) | 800 (42.9%) | 373 (48.1%) | 44 (48.9%) | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | 4253 | |||||||
| Rarely or never | 1318 (31.0%) | 123 (36.9%) | 408 (34.0%) | 550 (29.6%) | 208 (26.9%) | 29 (32.2%) | < 0.001 | |
| 1-5 times/week | 1693 (39.8%) | 145 (43.5%) | 494 (41.2%) | 750 (40.4%) | 283 (36.6%) | 21 (23.3%) | ||
| 6-7 times/week | 1242 (29.2%) | 65 (19.5%) | 298 (24.8%) | 557 (30.0%) | 282 (36.5%) | 40 (44.4%) | ||
| Occupation | 4249 | |||||||
| Nonmanual workers | 3122 (73.5%) | 239 (73.1%) | 894 (74.3%) | 1415 (76.1%) | 534 (69.4%) | 40 (44.4%) | < 0.001 | |
| Manual workers | 1127 (26.5%) | 88 (26.9%) | 309 (25.7%) | 445 (23.9%) | 235 (30.6%) | 50 (55.6%) | ||
| Working Hours | 4263 | |||||||
| < 40 h | 613 (14.4%) | 30 (9.0%) | 155 (12.9%) | 278 (14.9%) | 129 (16.6%) | 21 (23.3%) | < 0.001 | |
| 40-50 h | 2650 (62.2%) | 151 (45.5%) | 694 (57.7%) | 1233 (66.1%) | 516 (66.6%) | 56 (62.2%) | ||
| 50-60 h | 638 (15.0%) | 78 (23.5%) | 230 (19.1%) | 244 (13.1%) | 79 (10.2%) | 7 (7.8%) | ||
| ≥ 60 h | 362 (8.5%) | 73 (22.0%) | 123 (10.2%) | 109 (5.8%) | 51 (6.6%) | 6 (6.7%) | ||
| Shiftwork | 4236 | |||||||
| Yes | 1013 (23.9%) | 114 (34.5%) | 295 (24.6%) | 373 (20.2%) | 206 (26.8%) | 25 (28.1%) | < 0.001 | |
| No | 3223 (76.1%) | 216 (65.5%) | 904 (75.4%) | 1477 (79.8%) | 562 (73.2%) | 64 (71.9%) | ||
| Number of Days Off | 4268 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 2.3 | 8.9 ± 2.2 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | 9.3 ± 2.2 | 9.8 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| Job Strain | 4234 | 0.741 ± 0.184 | 0.797 ± 0.206 | 0.764 ± 0.192 | 0.725 ± 0.168 | 0.725 ± 0.187 | 0.713 ± 0.200 | < 0.001 |
Variables are presented as mean ± SD, geometric mean (95% CI) or number (percentage).
a
Log-transformed data were analyzed, and means (95% CI) were back-transformed.
b
Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables or the χ2 test for categorical variables are presented.