Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogram of Accumulibacter-related ppk1 gene sequences. Bootstrap values of >70% and generated from 1,000 bootstrap resamplings are shown next to nodes. Roman numerals refer to Accumulibacter clades as designated previously (21). Sequences obtained in this study are shown in green (inoculum-activated sludge), blue (propionate granules), and pink (acetate granules). For the clone names, the starting numbering refers to the sampling day, and the ending numbering derives from logistics of the clone libraries (i.e., arbitrary). The scale bar indicates changes per site. The phylogram was constructed using version 5 of the MEGA software (53). Forward (F) and reverse (R) T-RFs were measured for all clones.