Fig. 1.

Children with TB have diminished spontaneous type 1, type 2, and type 17 cytokine responses in vitro. PBMC from TB (n = 30) and HC (C) (n = 18) children were stimulated with medium alone (A) or anti-CD3 (5 μg/ml) (B) for 24 h. Levels of type 1-associated cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and GM-CSF, type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, and type 17-associated cytokines IL-17, IL-23, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-21 were measured by ELISA. Results are shown as raw values for nonstimulated and net cytokine production (with medium control values subtracted) for anti-CD3 using box-and-whisker plots, with whiskers showing minimum and maximum values. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test (“*” denotes P < 0.05; “**” denotes P < 0.005; “***” denotes P < 0.001).