Fig. 4.

Children with neurologic TB infection have significantly diminished nonstimulated and Ag-induced IFN-γ and IL-17 production. PBMCs from children with neurologic TB (n = 9) and other forms of ETB (n = 8) were stimulated with medium alone or anti-CD3 (5 μg/ml) (A) or PPD (10 μg/ml) or M. tuberculosis CFP (10 μg/ml) (B) for 24 h, and levels of type 1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, and type 17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 were measured by ELISA. Results are shown as raw values for nonstimulated and net cytokine production (with medium control values subtracted) for PPD, CFP, and anti-CD3 using box-and-whisker plots, with whiskers showing minimum and maximum values. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test (“*” denotes P < 0.05; “**” denotes P < 0.005; “***” denotes P < 0.001).