Fig. 3.

Viperin restricts WNV infection in primary myeloid cells. (A to D) Fibroblasts (A) and cortical neurons (B) were generated from embryos of wild-type and viperin^−/− mice, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (C) and macrophages (D) were isolated from adult wild-type and viperin^−/− mice. Primary cells were infected at an MOI of 0.01, and the virus yield was titrated at the indicated times by plaque assay on BHK21-15 or Vero cells. Values are averages of values from triplicate samples generated from at least three independent experiments. The dotted line represents the limit of detection for the assay. (E and F) WNV-infected macrophages were harvested 72 h after infection, stained with WNV-specific monoclonal antibody E16, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Asterisks indicate values that are statistically different (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005).