Highly activated CD8+ T cells exhibit attenuated PMA+I-induced p-ERK1/2 responses without increased basal p-ERK1/2 levels. (A) Magnitude of PMA+I-induced p-ERK1/2 response in CD8+ T cells shown as fold change (stimulated MFI/unstimulated MFI) of CD38, HLA-DR, and TIM3 Boolean-gated subsets in HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-negative patients. (B) Unstimulated p-ERK1/2 MFI in each subset. n = 21 HIV− and 79 HIV+ patients. NS, not significant (P > 0.1); M, marginally significant (P = 0.1 to 0.05); *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005.