Table 4.
Odds Ratios for Foods Significantly Associated with Aggressive Prostate Cancer
| Exposure | Categories |
P- Trend |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Cooked Greens such as spinach, mustard greens, or collards | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | 0.6 | >0.6 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 232 | 80 | 81 | 77 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 210 | 105 | 104 | 93 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.48, 0.97 | 0.69 | 0.48, 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.51, 1.07 | 0.05 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.47, 0.96 | 0.66 | 0.46, 0.96 | 0.67 | 0.45, 0.98 | 0.02 |
| Summer squash, zucchini | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | >0.3 | |||||
| Cases (N) | 245 | 95 | 130 | |||||
| Controls (N) | 223 | 126 | 163 | |||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.49, 0.93 | 0.71 | 0.53, 0.96 | 0.02 | ||
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.48, 0.93 | 0.67 | 0.49, 0.91 | <0.01 | ||
| Fresh garlic, included in cooking | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3–0.6 | 1.0–2.0 | >2.0 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 187 | 112 | 79 | 92 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 168 | 123 | 117 | 104 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.57, 1.12 | 0.58 | 0.40, 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.55, 1.11 | 0.04 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.55, 1.09 | 0.53 | 0.37, 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.46, 0.96 | <0.01 |
| Red peppers, chilies | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | 0.6 | >0.6 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 277 | 61 | 56 | 76 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 261 | 70 | 52 | 129 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.55, 1.19 | 1.00 | 0.66, 1.52 | 0.54 | 0.39, 0.76 | <0.01 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.53, 1.17 | 0.97 | 0.63, 1.49 | 0.51 | 0.37, 0.73 | <0.01 |
| Bean soups such as pea, lentil, and black bean | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | >0.3 | |||||
| Cases (N) | 244 | 115 | 111 | |||||
| Controls (N) | 231 | 138 | 143 | |||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.57, 1.06 | 0.73 | 0.53, 0.99 | 0.03 | ||
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.51, 0.97 | 0.63 | 0.46, 0.87 | <0.01 | ||
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Berries such as strawberries and blueberries | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | 0.6 | >0.6 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 138 | 124 | 89 | 119 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 132 | 108 | 112 | 160 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.74, 1.51 | 0.72 | 0.49, 1.05 | 0.67 | 0.47, 0.95 | <0.01 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.73, 1.53 | 0.75 | 0.51, 1.10 | 0.60 | 0.42, 0.87 | <0.01 |
| Cantaloupe, orange melon and mango (in season) | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.1 – 0.2 | 0.2 | >0.2 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 124 | 102 | 108 | 136 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 106 | 101 | 127 | 178 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.58, 1.25 | 0.72 | 0.50, 1.03 | 0.64 | 0.45, 0.90 | <0.01 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.56, 1.21 | 0.69 | 0.47, 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.38, 0.79 | <0.01 |
| Grains and High Glycemic Index | ||||||||
| Dark breads, including dark bagels, rolls, and whole wheat bread | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3–1.0 | 2.0–3.5 | >3.5 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 133 | 131 | 109 | 97 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 162 | 153 | 126 | 69 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.75, 1.44 | 1.06 | 0.75, 1.49 | 1.75 | 1.19, 2.58 | 0.02 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.73, 1.43 | 1.02 | 0.72, 1.46 | 1.60 | 1.07, 2.39 | 0.06 |
| French fries, fried potatoes, and hash browns | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | 0.6 | ≥1.0 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 95 | 81 | 125 | 169 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 129 | 118 | 124 | 141 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.63, 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.95, 1.99 | 1.64 | 1.15, 2.33 | <0.01 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.62, 1.36 | 1.27 | 0.87, 1.86 | 1.43 | 0.98, 2.07 | 0.02 |
| Regular potato chips, tortilla chips, corn chips and puffs | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3–0.6 | ≥1.0 | |||||
| Cases (N) | 148 | 166 | 156 | |||||
| Controls (N) | 188 | 212 | 111 | |||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.75, 1.36 | 1.82 | 1.30, 2.54 | <0.01 | ||
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.70, 1.29 | 1.60 | 1.12, 2.27 | 0.01 | ||
| Chocolate, candy bars and toffee | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3 | 0.6 | ≥ 1.0 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 115 | 68 | 96 | 191 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 160 | 95 | 91 | 166 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.67, 1.48 | 1.47 | 1.01, 2.13 | 1.60 | 1.16, 2.21 | <0.01 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.68, 1.52 | 1.49 | 1.01, 2.18 | 1.43 | 1.02, 2.00 | 0.02 |
| Cookies and cakes | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.3–0.6 | 1.0–2.0 | >2.0 | ||||
| Cases (N) | 44 | 161 | 134 | 131 | ||||
| Controls (N) | 75 | 180 | 152 | 105 | ||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.52 | 0.99, 2.34 | 1.50 | 0.96, 2.33 | 2.13 | 1.35, 3.35 | <0.01 |
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.51 | 0.97, 2.34 | 1.35 | 0.86, 2.13 | 1.87 | 1.16, 3.02 | 0.04 |
| Regular soft drinks | ||||||||
| Intake1 | None | 0.5–0.6 | ≥1.0 | |||||
| Cases (N) | 211 | 71 | 187 | |||||
| Controls (N) | 278 | 82 | 152 | |||||
| OR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 0.80, 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.25, 2.20 | <0.01 | ||
| OR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.18 | 0.82, 1.72 | 1.51 | 1.13, 2.03 | <0.01 | ||
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
1
Intakes given in servings per week.
2
ORs adjusted for age, race, and institution using logistic regression.
3
ORs adjusted for age, race, institution, energy intake, and history of first degree relative with prostate cancer.