Table 3.

Logistic regression analysis of socio-demographic factors associated with stunting among primary school children in Lahore, Pakistan (n = 1860)

Characteristics	Crude OR (95% CI)	P Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P Value
Gender
Boys	1.13 (0.81-1.57)	0.481	0.91 (0.62-1.34)	0.641
Girls	Reference		Reference
Age
5-6 years (60-83 months)	Reference		Reference
7-8 years (84-107 months)	1.56 (0.89-2.74)	0.118	1.68 (0.95-3.00)	0.076
9-10 years (108-131 months)	2.58 (1.52-4.41)	< 0.001	2.94 (1.68-5.16)	< 0.001
11-12 years (132-155 months)	5.35 (2.97-9.62)	< 0.001	3.60 (1.89-6.88)	< 0.001
Area and socioeconomic status (SES)
Urban, high SES	Reference		Reference
Urban, middle SES	0.84 (0.37-1.90)	0.679	0.72 (0.30-1.74)	0.465
Urban, low SES	3.91 (2.09-7.33)	< 0.001	2.58 (1.15-5.81)	0.025
Rural, low/disadvantaged SES	7.33 (4.02-13.38)	< 0.001	2.49 (0.95-6.53)	0.063
Neighborhood income
Low	9.82 (4.27-22.61)	< 0.001	4.62 (1.63-13.10)	0.004
Middle	2.07 (0.87-4.95)	0.102	1.81 (0.69-4.74)	0.226
High	Reference		Reference
Parental education
Illiterate	3.44 (2.03-5.83)	< 0.001	0.55 (0.26-1.16)	0.117
High school	2.92 (1.75-4.89)	< 0.001	0.80 (0.41-1.55)	0.507
College	0.83 (0.45-1.55)	0.562	0.61 (0.32-1.19)	0.146
Higher education	Reference		Reference
Number of siblings
No	Reference		Reference
1-3	1.33 (0.18-10.03)	0.781	1.07 (0.13-8.73)	0.952
> 3	3.44 (0.46-25.69)	0.228	1.12 (0.13-9.41)	0.915
Number of persons in child's living room
No	Reference		Reference
1-3	7.76 (1.06-58.72)	0.044	4.49 (0.60-33.65)	0.144
> 3	13.63 (1.88-98.66)	0.010	4.25 (0.56-32.16)	0.161
Smoking in living place
Yes	1.91 (1.36-2.67)	< 0.001	1.33 (0.92-1.93)	0.136
No	Reference		Reference