Table 1.

Neural crest-restricted Tgfβ superfamily transgenic mouse lines and their resultant phenotypes

Mutation	Lethal	Migration	NCC Apop	Facial defects	Calvaria defects	OFT	PAA defects	Pharyngeal organ defects	Myocardial wall defects	Defects in OFT elastogenesis	Defects in SNS
Tgfbr2/Wnt1-Cre27,28,31	Birth	Normal	−	Yes, CP	Major	CAT, Type 4	−	No	No	Yes	N/A
Alk5/Wnt1-Cre29,30	Birth	Normal	+	Yes, Midfacial cleft, CP	Major	CAT, Type 2	+	Yes	No	Yes	N/A
Bmpr2/Wnt1-Cre32	Birth	Normal	−	N/A	N/A	DORV	−	No	No	No	N/A
Alk3/Wnt1-Cre33,34	E12.0	Normal	+	N/A	N/A	CAT	N/A	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes
Alk2/Wnt1-Cre36,37	E14-birth	Affected (proximal OFT)	−	Yes, CP	Minor	CAT, Type 2	+	No	No	No	N/A
Smad4/Wnt1-Cre35,38–41	E12.5	Affected (proximal OFT)	+	Yes, Midfacial cleft	Major	CAT	−	N/A	Yes	N/A	N/A
Trigenic Smad742 (induced at E7.5)	Birth	Affected (proximal OFT)	+	Yes	Major	CAT, Type 2	−	No	No	No	N/A

OFT , outflow tract; CP, cleft palate; CAT, common arterial trunk; DORV, double outflow tract right ventricle; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; N/A, not available.