Figure 3.

ULK1 inhibits mTORC1 signaling independently of TSC2. TSC2^+/+ and TSC2^−/− MEFs were stably transduced by ULK1 or scrambed shRNA using lentiviral vectors. The shRNA-transduced cells were cultured in the absence of serum overnight and treated with insulin (10 nM) for 30 min. The phosphorylation states and the expression levels of S6K1 and Akt were analyzed by protein gel blotting.