Table 2.

Summary of animal intoxications with ricin.

Animal cases: dogs
	Uptake/Ingestion	Outcome	Where	Detection and Diagnosis 1	Ref. 2
5 dogs	in 1977-1979 ingestion of organic fertilizer	3 fatal	Germany	circumstantial evidence	[223]
98 dogs	in 1989-2000 ingestion of unknown amount of castor seeds	7 fatal	USA	suspected	[224]
19 dogs	in 2001 ingestion of fertilizer containing castor seeds	7 fatal	Germany	circumstantial evidence; detection of ricin in fertilizer	[225]
dog	in 2002 ingestion of castor seed cakes used as fertilizer	fatal	Brazil	circumstantial evidence	[226]
dog	in 1999 ingestion of fertilizer based on castor seeds	recovered	Brazil	circumstantial evidence	[227]
dog	in 1999 ingestion of motor oil based on castor oil	recovered	Brazil	circumstantial evidence	[227]
35 dogs	in 2001-2003; details of intoxication not described	not described	USA	suspected	[188]
puppy	ingestion of unknown amount of castor beans	fatal	USA	detection of ricinine in stomach content	[228]
dog	ingestion of unknown amount of castor beans	recovered	Germany	circumstantial evidence	[229]
2 dogs	ingestion of fertilizer composed of R. communis material	fatal	Belgium	detection of ricinine in gastric and intestinal content , liver and kidney	[230]
15 dogs	in 2007 ingestion of soil conditioner with 10 % oil cake	13 fatal	Korea	suspected	[231]
9 dogs	in 2010, ingestion of fertilizer containing R. communis	2 fatal	Germany	detection of ricinine in urine and ricin in fertilizer and soil	this paper
different farm animals, mostly cows	in 1873 ingestion of flaxseed flour contaminated with castor seeds	recovered	Germany	circumstantial evidence	[232]
35 horses	in 1888 ingestion of flaxseed flour contaminated with castor seeds	1 fatal	Germany	circumstantial evidence	[233]
70 different animals	in 1950 ingestion of layers’ mash containing castor seed husks in meal	fatal 2 pigs, 1 heifer, 2 cattle	Ireland	circumstantial evidence	[234]
several 1000 ducks	in 1969-1971 ingestion of unknown amount of castor seeds	fatal for at least 10 ducks	USA	circumstantial evidence	[235]
1 horse	in 1999 ingestion and aspiration of ~2 L filtrate made of crushed castor seeds mixed with water	fatal	Brazil	suspected	[236]
45 sheep and goats	in 2005 ingestion of garden waste containing castor beans	fatal for 15 animals	Iran	circumstantial evidence	[237]

¹ Circumstantial evidence: the causative link to ricin intoxication is based on details of the case report, e.g., known or observed uptake of plant seeds, finding of plant material etc.; suspected: suspicion of ricin intoxication based on symptoms observed. ² Table is organized by the publication date of literature cited. The table focuses on case reports including clinical signs, symptoms and treatment and makes no claim to be complete.