Table 4.
Multivariate multilevel models for male and female overweight/obesity.
| Null/empty model | Built environment | Social environment | Built and social environment | Built, social and individual model | Full model with season | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males OR 95% CI | Females OR 95% CI | Males OR 95% CI | Females OR 95% CI | Males OR 95% CI | Females OR 95% CI | Males OR 95% CI | Females OR 95% CI | Males OR 95% CI | Females OR 95% CI | |
| Built Environment | ||||||||||||
| Number of indoor recreation facilities per 1000 people | 1.67 (0.74, 3.77) |
1.02 (0.45, 2.30) |
1.65 (0.78, 3.49) |
1.34 (0.60, 2.98) |
1.50 (0.71, 3.19) |
1.28 (0.55, 3.00) |
1.50 (0.71, 3.16) |
1.27 (0.54, 2.97) |
||||
| Number of summer outdoor facilities per 1000 people | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) |
1.09 (1.03, 1.16) |
0.98 (0.89, 1.08) |
1.09 (1.03, 1.15) |
0.98 (0.89, 1.07) |
1.08 (1.03, 1.10) |
0.98 (0.90, 1.08) |
1.08 (1.02, 1.14) |
||||
| Number of winter outdoor recreation facilities per 1000 people | 0.71 (0.22, 2.24) |
1.08 (0.54, 2.19) |
1.06 (0.38, 2.99) |
1.09 (0.57, 2.10) |
0.89 (0.30, 2.69) |
1.00 (0.52, 1.90) |
0.88 (0.29, 2.63) |
1.06 (0.53, 2.10) |
||||
| Park area (km2) per 1000 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
0.99 (0.99, 0.99) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
0.99 (0.99, 0.99) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
||||
| Green space area (km2) per 1000 people | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) |
0.73 (0.63, 0.85) |
1.12 (1.03, 1.23) |
0.65 (0.53, 0.80) |
1.10 (1.01, 1.21) |
0.67 (0.50, 0.80) |
1.10 (1.00, 1.20) |
0.67 (0.54, 0.84) |
||||
| Bike and walking path length (km) (total) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
1.00 (0.98, 1.01) |
1.01 (0.99, 1.00) |
1.00 (0.98, 1.01) |
1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
||||
| Number of grocery stores per 1000 people | 1.84 (0.68, 5.01) |
1.17 (0.51, 2.57) |
1.87 (0.68, 5.17) |
1.30 (0.55, 3.30) |
1.40 (0.51, 3.86) |
1.21 (0.50, 2.90) |
1.40 (0.50, 3.90) |
1.21 (0.49, 2.98) |
||||
| Number of convenience stores per 1000 people | 0.91 (0.66, 1.26) |
1.19 (0.84, 1.69) |
1.28 (0.84, 1.94) |
0.90 (0.57, 1.50) |
1.32 (0.90, 1.93) |
0.97 (0.60, 1.60) |
1.31 (0.89, 1.91) |
0.96 (0.60, 1.56) |
||||
| Number of fast food outlets per 1000 people | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) |
1.14 (0.97, 1.34) |
1.03 (0.90, 1.23) |
1.10 (0.96, 1.40) |
1.06 (0.91, 1.23) |
1.14 (0.96, 1.30) |
1.05 (0.90, 1.23) |
1.14 (0.96, 1.35) |
||||
| Number of restaurants per 1000 people | 0.82 (0.67, 1.00) |
0.78 (0.60, 0.99) |
0.72 (0.56, 0.91) |
0.80 (0.63, 1.00) |
0.71 (0.56, 0.91) |
0.78 (0.62, 0.99) |
0.71 (0.56, 0.90) |
0.78 (0.61, 0.99) |
||||
| Number of specialty stores per 1000 people | 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) |
1.65 (1.06, 2.57) |
1.39 (0.95, 2.03) |
1.71 (1.11, 2.60) |
1.32 (0.85, 2.04) |
1.78 (1.15, 2.80) |
1.33 (0.86, 2.07) |
1.79 (1.16, 2.78) |
||||
| Social Environment | ||||||||||||
| t-score SES | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) |
1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
1.00 (0.98, 1.00) |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
||||
| Sense of Belonging | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) |
1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
1.02 (1.00, 1.03) |
1.00 (0.96, 1.00) |
1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
0.98 (0.99, 1.00) |
1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
0.98 (0.96, 1.00) |
||||
| Councilor voting |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
1.00 (0.97, 1.00) |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
0.99 (0.99, 1.00) |
0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
0.99 (0.97, 1.00) |
||||
| Crime rate | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00,1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
||||
| Individual-level | ||||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 18–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 25–44 years |
2.73 (1.56–4.78) |
2.30 (1.41, 3.80) |
2.80 (1.58, 4.95) |
2.30 (1.40, 3.78) |
||||||||
| 45–64 years |
3.32 (1.87–5.88) |
3.57 (2.24, 5.70) |
3.40 (1.90–6.09) |
3.59 (2.25, 5.73) |
||||||||
| 65+ years | 1.71 (0.87, 3.34) |
4.44 (2.09, 9.40) |
1.74 (0.88, 3.43) |
4.60 (2.18, 9.71) |
||||||||
| Household income | ||||||||||||
| ≤ $29,999 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| ≥ $30,000 | 1.43 (0.86, 2.39) |
0.74 (0.52, 1.10) |
1.45 (0.87, 2.41) |
0.75 (0.52, 1.08) |
||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| did not graduate from high school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| graduated from high school | 1.14 (0.65, 2.00) |
0.74 (0.41, 1.30) |
1.11 (0.62, 1.98) |
0.75 (0.42, 1.34) |
||||||||
| some post-high school education | 0.98 (0.52, 1.84) |
0.84 (0.46, 1.60) |
0.96 (0.51, 1.80) |
0.86 (0.47, 1.57) |
||||||||
| college/university diploma/degree | 0.90 (0.51, 1.59) |
0.53 (0.32, 0.90) |
0.87 (0.49, 1.55) |
0.54 (0.32, 0.90) |
||||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Daily |
1.90 (1.38, 2.62) |
1.16 (0.93, 1.45) |
1.90 (1.38, 2.62) |
1.14 (0.91, 1.44) |
||||||||
| Occasional | 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) |
1.26 (0.80, 1.99) |
1.06 (0.65, 1.73) |
1.25 (0.80, 1.95) |
||||||||
| Former | 1.18 (0.80, 1.75) |
0.83 (0.55, 1.24) |
1.20 (0.81, 1.77) |
0.82 (0.55, 1.23) |
||||||||
| Contextual (Season) | ||||||||||||
| Summer | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Fall | 1.28 (0.94, 1.73) |
0.87 (0.66, 1.15) |
||||||||||
| Winter | 0.99 (0.72, 1.38) |
1.11 (0.81, 1.52) |
||||||||||
| Spring | 1.28 (0.93, 1.75) |
0.94 (0.73, 1.21) |
||||||||||
| ICC | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |