Table 4.

Liver disease and fucoidan.

Fucoidan	Model	Treatment	Result	Ref.
Fucus vesiculosis fucoidan (Sigma)	Concanavalin induced liver injury in mice	1–30 mg/kg intravenously 30 min before concanavalin A	Significantly inhibited raised levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Increased endogenous IL-10 production	Saito 2006 [73]
Fucus vesiculosis fucoidan (Sigma)	CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in mice	fucoidan (50 mg/kg body weight) administered intraperitoneally for 8 weeks	Protection of normal hepatocytes. Inhibition of hepatic stellate cell proliferation	Hayashi 2008 [72]
Cladosiphon okamuranus fractions Crude (28 kDa) and HMW (41.4 kDa)	N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced liver fibrosis model in Sprague dawley rats	2% fucoidan in drinking water for 12 weeks	Protection from damage Increased metallothionein Down regulation of TGFbeta 1 and SDF1	Nakazato 2010 [21]
Fucus vesiculosis fucoidan (Sigma)	Ex vivo human hepatoma (hepatitis B and C) and Cirrhosis	Inhibition of biotidinase in tissue samples was assessed	Fucoidan decreased the disease elevated activity of biotinidase	Hayakawa 2009 [77]
Fucus vesiculosis fucoidan (Sigma)	Rats with d-galactosamine-induced hepatopathy	Dietary inclusion of ~1.2% fucoidan for 8 days	Fucoidan was protective against d-galactosamineinduced hepatopathy in rat	Kawano 2007 [75,76]