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Proposed mechanism responsible for fucoidan bioactivity: (A) Macrophage activation by FCSPs as mediated through specific membrane receptor activation namely TLR-4, CD14, CR-3 and SR which in turn induce intracellular signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); (B) Activation of macrophages lead to production of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-2 and IFN-γ which enhance NK cell activation that may stimulate T-cell activation further via IFN-γ.
