TABLE 3.
Experimental trials and intervention1
| Reference | Population | Baseline age or age range | Design | Intervention and main outcome measures | Duration | BMI
|
Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Endpoint | |||||||
| y | ||||||||
| DiMeglio et al (44) | 15 Adults (8 female, 7 male) | 22.8 ± 2.732 | Crossover | Isocaloric liquid (soda) vs solid (jelly beans) load and body weight and appetite control | 2 × 4 wk, 4-wk washout | Liquid, 21.8 ± 2.2; solid, 22.1 ± 2.3 | Liquid, 21.9 ± 2.1; solid, 22.2 ± 2.2 | Significant increase in body weight and BMI after liquid load (P < 0.05) |
| Ebbeling et al (48) | 103 Adolescents (56 female, 47 male) | 13–18 | Randomized controlled trial | Weekly home delivery of noncaloric beverages (4 servings/d for subjects) and telephone contact | 25 wk | Intervention, 25.7 ± 6.3; control, 24.9 ± 5.7 | Change in BMI: intervention, 0.07 ± 0.14; control, 0.21 ± 0.153 | Decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage intake significantly reduced body weight in subjects with baseline BMI >30 (net BMI change − 0.75 ± 0.34 in treatment group compared with control subjects in the upper baseline BMI tertile) |
| James et al (45) | 644 Children (29 clusters) | 7–11 | Cluster randomized controlled trial | Focused educational program on nutrition (15 intervention clusters and 14 control clusters) and drink consumption and weight status | One school year | Intervention, 17.4 ± 0.6; control, 17.6 ± 0.7 | Intervention, 17.9 ± 0.7; control, 17.4 ± 0.6 | Greater percentage of obesity and overweight in control subjects than in the intervention group (mean difference, 7.7%; 95% CI: 2.2%, 13.1%) and greater consumption of carbonated drinks in control subjects (mean difference, 0.7; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.3) |
| Raben et al (46) | 41 Adults (35 female, 6 male) | 20–50 | Parallel | Daily supplements of sucrose or artificial sweeteners and effect on appetite and body weight4 | 10 wk | Sucrose, 28.0 ± 0.5; sweetner, 27.6 ± 0.53 | Not given | Body weight, fat mass, and BMI increased in sucrose group and decreased in sweetener group; respective difference between groups (2.6 kg; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.8; 1.6 kg, 95% CI: 0.4, 2.8; and BMI 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.4) |
| Tordoff and Alleva (47) | 30 Adults (9 female and 21 male) | Female, 28.2 ± 2.7; male, 22.9 ± 0.83 | Crossover | 1150 g Soda/d sweetened, with APM compared with HFCS or no soda; assessment of body weight and appetite control | 3 × 3 wk | Females, 69.6 ± 4.3 kg; males, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg3 | Not given | Relative to no soda, HFCS soda significantly (P < 0.01) increased weight in females (0.97 ± 0.25 kg) and NS increase in males; APM soda decreased weight in males (0.25 ± 0.29 kg, P < 0.05) and NS increase in females |
1
APM, aspartame: HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; NS, nonsignificant.
2
x̄ ± SD (all such values unless indicated otherwise).
3
x̄ ± SE.
4
70% of sucrose came from beverages, and beverages consisted of several soft drinks and flavored fruit juices.