Table 1.

Selected demographic, exposure, and health outcome measures from the fourth evaluation in 712 current and former lead workers^a

Characteristic	All Participants
	N (%)
Female	149 (20.9)
Diabetes	27 (3.8)
Hypertension	86 (12.1)
Former lead workers	234 (32.9)
Smoking
Never	242 (34.0)
Current	310 (43.5)
Former	160 (22.5)
Alcohol use
Never	109 (15.3)
Current	571 (80.2)
Former	32 (4.5)
Education
Less than middle school graduate	180 (25.3)
Less than high school graduate	182 (25.6)
High school graduate	294 (41.3)

	Median	Mean (SD)	Range
Age, years	46.7	47.6 (7.9)	24.1–71.3
BMI, kg/m2	24.2	24.2 (2.8)	15.6–33.3
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	121.5	123.7 (15.5)	90.5–213.3
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	74.3	75.2 (12.0)	46.0–147.0
Urine cadmium, μg/g creatininea	0.84	1.02 (0.65)	0.17–4.63
Urine cadmium, μg/Lb	0.65	0.89 (0.73)	0.06–5.4
Urine creatinine, mg/dL	82.2	94.4 (58.1)	11.8–342.7
Blood lead, μg/dL	21.4	23.1 (14.1)	1.9–74.4
Tibia lead, μg Pb/g bone mineral	19	26.6 (28.9)	−12–231
Lead job duration, years	13.2	13.1 (7.3)	0.23–37.4
Serum creatinine, mg/dl	0.87	0.87 (0.15)	0.42–1.53
Serum cystatin C, mg/L	0.72	0.73 (0.12)	0.50–2.35
Single var. cystatin C eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	113.9	113.7 (16.7)	27.8–176.3
Multi-var. cystatin C eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	112.8	112.0 (17.7)	28.1–186.3
Dual biomarker eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	105.8	106.1 (17.5)	24.3–174.5
MDRD eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	95.5	97.4 (19.2)	23.6–189.7

^amodified from Weaver et al., 2011

^bmolybdenum-corrected