Table 1.
Characteristics of study population*
| N | All | Men | Women | |
| 122 | 84 (69%) | 38 (31%) | ||
| Age (years) | 122 | 64.1 (8.3) | 63.9 (8.3) | 64.6 (8.5) |
| Weight (kg) | 122 | 64.6 (12.4) | 66.7 (12.1) | 60.1 (12.2) |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2)† | 122 | 24.5 (4.0) | 24.3 (3.7) | 25.1 (4.5) |
| Waist (cm) | 112 | 90.3 (11.2) | 89.8 (10.7) | 91.5 (12.5) |
| Smoking | 122 | |||
| Non | 47 (39%) | 16 (18%) | 31 (82%) | |
| Former | 37 (30%) | 34 (41%) | 3 (8%) | |
| Current | 38 (31%) | 34 (41%) | 4 (10%) | |
| History of cerebrovascular disease‡ | 122 | 46 (37%) | 32 (38%) | 14 (36%) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 122 | 16.0 (10.2) | 16.5 (9.8) | 15.2 (11.1) |
| Age (years) at the time of diabetes diagnosis | 122 | 49.0 (12.2) | 48.4 (11.8) | 50.4 (13.1) |
| Any diabetic retinopathy | 122 | 97 (79%) | 67 (79%) | 30 (79%) |
| Proliferative diabetic retinopathy or after photocoagulation | 122 | 76 (62%) | 50 (59%) | 26 (68%) |
| A1C (%) | 122 | 7.7 (1.5) | 7.8 (1.7) | 7.5 (1.2) |
| Treatment for diabetes | 122 | |||
| Diet | 7 (6%) | 7 (8%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Oral agents | 59 (48%) | 37 (44%) | 22 (58%) | |
| Insulin | 15 (12%) | 13 (16%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Insulin+oral agents§ | 41 (34%) | 21 (32%) | 14 (37%) | |
| Hypertension¶ | 122 | 95 (77%) | 66 (78%) | 29 (76%) |
| Treatment | ||||
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 88 (72%) | 61 (72%) | 27 (71%) | |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 55 (45%) | 37 (44%) | 18 (47%) | |
| Diuretics | 16 (13%) | 9 (10%) | 7 (18%) | |
| Others | 4 (3%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Dyslipidaemia** | 122 | 90 (73%) | 60 (71%) | 30 (79%) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 192.7 (39.0) | 194.7 (42.4) | 188.3 (30.9) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 115.6 (40.5) | 119.6 (43.8) | 106.5 (30.4) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 52.4 (14.8) | 51.1 (13.5) | 55.3 (17.2) | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 143.3 (85.9) | 142.7 (86.1) | 144.6 (86.7) | |
| LDL/HDL ratio | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.2 (0.9) | |
| Treatment | ||||
| Statin | 47 (38%) | 25 (29%) | 22 (57%) | |
| Others | 9 (7%) | 7 (8%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Use of aspirin | 122 | 33 (27%) | 23 (27%) | 10 (26%) |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 120 | 1.04 (0.60) | 1.08 (0.60) | 0.94 (0.60) |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 120 | 62.1 (22.0) | 63.3 (20.4) | 59.7 (25.4) |
| <45 | 28 (23%) | 17 (20%) | 11 (28%) | |
| <30 | 10 (8%) | 5 (6%) | 5 (13%) | |
| Use of haemodialysis | 2 | 2 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
| Albuminuria (mg/day or mg/g of creatinine) | 117 | |||
| <30 | 32 (27%) | 16 (20%) | 16 (45%) | |
| 30–299 | 40 (34%) | 28 (34%) | 12 (33%) | |
| ≥300 | 45 (39%) | 37 (46%) | 8 (22%) | |
| Renal dysfunction†† | 122 | 25 (20%) | 17 (20%) | 8 (21%) |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/ml) | 113 | 37.2 (26.1 to 48.2) | 19.4 (7.5 to 47.5) | 24.8 (11 to 39.8) |
| Rest ECG | ||||
| Any abnormal findings | 122 | 27 (22%) | 19 (22%) | 8 (21%) |
| Abnormal Q wave changes | 3 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Ischaemic findings on exercise stress ECG | 64 | 25 (39%) | 15 (36%) | 10 (43%) |
| Cardiothoracic ratio on chest x-ray (%) | 113 | 48.0 (4.4) | 47.6 (4.5) | 48.9 (4.0) |
| Ankle–brachial index | 122 | 1.07 (0.17) | 1.06 (0.18) | 1.09 (0.17) |
| Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (cm/s) | 108 | 2012.2 (377.3) | 1940.5 (300.3) | 2168.3 (474.8) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 122 | 21 (17%) | 17 (20%) | 4 (10%) |
| Echocardiography‡‡ | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 108 | 67.3 (8.6) | 66.4 (9.5) | 69.4 (6.0) |
| Septal+posterior wall thickness (mm) | 108 | 21.2 (3.4) | 21.3 (3.4) | 20.9 (3.4) |
| >25 | 10 (9%) | 6 (8%) | 4 (11%) | |
| E/A ratio | 107 | 0.76 (0.21) | 0.77 (0.17) | 0.75 (0.28) |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 107 | 236.4 (59.1) | 232.6 (60.5) | 244.6 (56.0) |
| E/E′ ratio | 96 | 11.3 (3.4) | 11.0 (2.86) | 12.1 (4.35) |
| Abnormal wall motion | 108 | 6 (5%) | 6 (8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Ultrasound of carotid artery | 81 | |||
| Maximum carotid intima-media thickness (mm) | 1.78 (1.07) | 1.97 (1.13) | 1.39 (0.86) | |
| ≥1.1 | 53 (67%) | 41 (77%) | 12 (46%) | |
| Coronary artery calcium scores (Agatston units) | 83 | 216.8 (52.0 to 602.7) | 300.4 (65.6 to 1201.2) | 110.9 (0 to 275.8) |
To convert the values for cholesterol and triglycerides to millimoles per litre (mmol/l), multiply by 0.02586 and 0.01129, respectively.
Data are number, number (%), mean (SD) or median (IQR).
Body-mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres.
Cerebrovascular disease was defined as stroke or transient ischaemic attack.
Oral agents for the treatment of diabetes included metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or the use of antihypertensive medication.
Dyslipidaemia was defined as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ≥140 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) <40 mg/dl, or the use of lipid-lowering drug.
Renal dysfunction was defined as the estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 or the estimated glomerular filtration rate <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 plus albuminuria, which was ≥30 mg/day or ≥30 mg/g of creatinine.
E/A ratio was the ratio of the peak Doppler velocities of early to late diastolic flow in the mitral inflow. E/E′ ratio was the ratio of the peak Doppler velocities of early in the mitral inflow to the early diastolic velocity at the septal mitral annulus.