Table 1.
Summary of the main convective and pool boiling nanofluid journal articles in the last seven years
| Author names [reference] | Year | Type of boiling | Heater type | Nanofluid | Relevant information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faulkner et al. [19] | 2003 | Convective | - | Ceramic nanoparticles in water | Parallel microchannel heat sink Limited improvement in overall heat transfer rate with nanofluid |
| Lee and Mudawar [18] | 2007 | Convective | - | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | Microchannel (copper) cooling operations Single-phase, laminar flow → CHF enhancement Two-phase flow → nanoparticle agglomerates at channel exit, catastrophic failure |
| Peng et al. [20] | 2009a | Convective | - | CuO nanoparticles in R-113 | Flow boiling inside copper tube BHT enhancement (up to 30%) Enhancement caused by reduction of boundary layer height, due to disturbance of nanoparticles and formation of molecular adsorption layer on nanoparticle surface |
| Peng et al. [21] | 2009b | Convective | - | CuO nanoparticles in R-113 | Flow boiling inside copper tube Frictional pressure drop larger (up to 21%) than pure R-113, and increases with nanoparticle concentration |
| Boudouh et al. [22] | 2010 | Convective | - | Copper nanoparticles in water | 50 parallel minichannels of dh = 800 μm Local BHT increases with nanoparticle concentration Higher ΔP and lower Tsurface with nanofluid compared to pure water at same mass flux Cu-water nanofluid suitable for microchannel cooling |
| Kim et al. [23] | 2010 | Convective | - | Al2O3, ZnO, and Diamond nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 53%), increased with mass flux and nanoparticle concentration BHT small enhancement at low heat flux Nanoparticle deposition on heater → CHF enhancement |
| Kim et al. [24] | 2010 | Convective | - | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 70%) at low nanoparticle concentration (<0.01 vol.%) Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface → wettability increased |
| Henderson et al. [25] | 2010 | Convective | - | SiO2 nanoparticles in R-134a and CuO nanoparticles in R-134a/polyolester oil | BHT deterioration by 55% compared to pure R-134a Nanoparticle deposition on copper tube walls |
| Ahn et al. [17] | 2010 | Convective and pool | Cu plate | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement for Pool and Convective boiling Enhancement due to nanoparticle deposition on heater surface → wettability increased |
| You et al. [4] | 2003 | Pool | Cu plate | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 200%) BHT unchanged Enhancement not related to increased thermal conductivity of nanofluids |
| Witharana [26] | 2003 | Pool | Cu plate | Au nanoparticles in water | BHT increase (between 11 and 21%) at low nanoparticle concentrations (0.001 wt%) Increasing particle concentration, BHT enhancement increased |
| Das et al. [13] | 2003a | Pool | Cylinder cartridge heater | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | BHT degradation & wall superheat increase with increasing nanoparticle concentration Limited application for boiling of nanofluids Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface |
| Das et al. [27] | 2003b | Pool | Stainless steel tubes | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | BHT degradation & increase in wall superheat with increasing nanoparticle concentration Boiling performance strongly dependent on tube diameter BHT degradation less for narrow channels than for larger channels at high heat flux |
| Vassallo et al. [28] | 2004 | Pool | NiCr wire | SiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 60%) No change in BHT |
| Wen and Ding [29] | 2005 | Pool | Stainless steel plate | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 40%) Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface |
| Bang and Chang [30] | 2005 | Pool | Stainless steel plate | Al2O3 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 50%) BHT degradation Nanoparticle deposit on heater surface, porous layer formed → wettability increased |
| Milanova and Kumar [31] | 2005 | Pool | NiCr wire | SiO2 nanoparticles in water (also in salts and strong electrolyte solution) | CHF enhancement three times greater than with pure water Nanofluids in salts minimise potential increase in heat transfer due to clustering Nanofluids in a strong electrolyte, higher CHF obtained than in buffer solutions due to difference in surface area |
| Kim et al. [32] | 2006 | Pool | Stainless steel plate | Al2O3, ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles in water | Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface Irregular porous structure formed Increased wettability → CHF enhancement |
| Kim et al. [33] | 2006a | Pool | NiCr wire | TiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 200%) |
| Kim et al. [34] | 2006b | Pool | NiCr and Ti wires | Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement Nanoparticle deposition on heated wire CHF of pure water measured using a nanoparticle-coated heater Nanoparticle deposition on heater → CHF enhancement |
| Chopkar et al. [35] | 2007 | Pool | Cu surface | ZrO2 nanoparticles in water | BHT unchanged Surfactants added to nanofluid as a stabiliser Boiling renders heater surface smoother |
| Kim et al. [36] | 2007 | Pool | Stainless steel wire | Al2O3, ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 80%) at low concentrations (<0.1 vol.%) Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface → porous layer, wettability increased BHT deterioration |
| Kim et al. [37] | 2007 | Pool | NiCr wire | Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 100%) Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface Increased wettability → CHF enhancement |
| Park and Jung [38] | 2007 | Pool | Stainless steel tube | Carbon nanotubes (CNT) in water and R-22 | CNTs increase BHT (up to 29%) for both base fluids No surface fouling observed with CNTs |
| Ding et al. [39] | 2007 | Pool | Stainless steel plate | Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in water | BHT enhancement for both TiO2 and Al2O3 BHT enhancement increases with nanoparticle concentration, and enhancement is more sensitive for TiO2 than Al2O3 → nanoparticle properties affect BHT |
| Coursey and Kim [40] | 2008 | Pool | Cu and CuO plates, and glass, and gold coated plates | Al2O3 nanoparticles in ethanol and also in water | Strong relationship between boiling performance and fluid/surface combination and particle concentration CHF enhancement (up to 37% for poor wetting system) CHF enhancement mechanism is ability of fluid to improve surface wettability Surface treatment alone resulted in similar CHF enhancement as nanofluids, but at 20°C lower wall superheat |
| Milanova and Kumar [41] | 2008 | Pool | NiCr wire | SiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement 50% with no nanoparticle deposition on wire CHF enhancement three times greater with nanoparticle deposition |
| Liu and Liao [42] | 2008 | Pool | Cu plate | CuO and SiO2 nanoparticles in water and (C2H5OH) | BHT degradation as compared to pure base fluids CHF enhancement Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface → wettability increased |
| Trisaksri and Wongwises [43] | 2009 | Pool | Cu cylindrical tube | TiO2 nanoparticles in R-141b | BHT deteriorated with an increase in nanoparticle concentration At low concentrations (0.01 vol%), no effect on BHT |
| Golubovic et al. [44] | 2009 | Pool | NiCr wire | Al2O3 and Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement (up to 50% for Al2O3 and 33% for Bi2O3) CHF increases with nanoparticle concentration, until a certain value of heat flux Average particle size has negligible effect on CHF Nanoparticle material effects CHF Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface → wettability increased |
| Kim et al. [45] | 2010 | Pool | NiCr wire | Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement, with large wall superheat Nanoparticle deposition on heater surface, surface modification results in same CHF enhancement in pure water as for nanofluids Nanoparticle layer increases stability of evaporating microlayer under bubble |
| Soltani et al. [46] | 2010 | Pool | Stainless steel cartridge heater | Al2O3 nanoparticles in CMC solution (carboxy methyl cellulose) | BHT degradation, more pronounced at higher CMC concentrations BHT enhanced with nanoparticles and CMC solution, and BHT increases with nanoparticle concentration (up to 25%) |
| Liu et al. [47] | 2010 | Pool | Cu plate | Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water | CHF and BHT enhancement CNT concentration has strong influence on both BHT and CHF enhancement, an optimal mass concentration of CNTs exists Decrease in pressure, increase in CHF and BHT enhancement CNT porous layer deposited on heater surface after boiling |
| Kwark et al. [15] | 2010 | Pool | Cu plate | Al2O3, CuO and diamond nanoparticles in water | CHF enhancement CHF increases with nanoparticle concentration, until a certain heat flux CHF enhancement potential decreases with increasing system pressure BHT coefficient unchanged After repeated testing, CHF remains unchanged, but BHT degrades 3 nanofluids exhibit same performance Nanoparticle deposit on heater surface Investigated mechanisms behind nanoparticle adhesion and surface deposit |
| Suriyawong and Wongwises [48] | 2010 | Pool | Cu and Al plates | TiO2 nanoparticles in water | 2 surface roughness (0.2 and 4 μm) 4 μm roughness gives higher BHT than 0.2 μm roughness Copper surfaces At low nanoparticle concentrations BHT increased (15% at 0.2 μm, and 4% at 4 μm roughness) Aluminium surfaces BHT degraded for all nanoparticle concentrations and surface roughness |